Bacterial Cells Chapter 19.1

Bacterial Cells All bacteria belong to the kingdom Monera, so the other name for bacteria is prokaryotic. Fossils indicate that bacteria have been on the Earth for 3.5 billion years. Monerans are named based on their morphology (which means shape)

Shapes of Bacteria Spiral monerans are called spirilli. Circular (spherical) monerans are called cocci. Rod shaped monerans are called bacilli.

Bacterial Cells Bacteria that need oxygen to survive are called aerobic monerans. Bacteria that DO NOT need oxygen to survive are called anaerobic monerans. Bacteria lack a nucleus and therefore are prokaryotic cells. If a cell has a nucleus, it is a eukaryotic cell.

Naming Bacteria Prefixes: diplo- meaning 2 . staphylo- meaning cluster. strepto- meaning filament.

Naming Bacteria Examples: Use the prefixes and shape names to answer the following Coccus: Single spherical cell Diplococcus: Two spherical cells Steptococcus: filament of spherical cells Staphylococcus: cluster of spherical cells

Naming Bacteria Staphylobacillus: cluster of rod shaped cells Streptobacillus: filament of rod shaped cells Diplobacillus: two rod shaped cells Bacillus: one rod shaped cells Spirillus: spiral shaped cell

Bacteria Parts capsule cell wall cell membrane protective layer degraded by heat made of polysaccharides cell wall cell membrane

Bacteria Parts D. flagellum a.k.a. tail used for movement E. ribosome F. cytoplasm glucose made here

Bacteria Parts (Draw a bacterium and label the parts) G. pilli: small hairs used for attaching to a host. H. DNA is circular and is called a Plasmid (Draw a bacterium and label the parts)

Bacteria Parts (cell) (plasmid) Capsule

Bacterial reproduction Bacteria reproduce by a. Splitting in two binary fission-make clones of themselves (asexual)

Bacterial reproduction b. Swapping DNA= conjugation (sexual)

Types of Bacteria Archaebacteria live in extreme environments Methanogens produce methane and live in oxygen-free environments. EX: Swamps & intestines Halophiles live in concentrated salt water. Thermoacidophiles love heat and low pH(acid). EX: Hot springs

Types of Bacteria Eubacteria (true bacteria) are the most common bacteria and can be broken into many classes. a. Lactobacillus are gram-positive bacteria (violet) -gram-positive bacteria can be killed by antibiotics (drugs that kill or prevent bacteria) such as penicillin -Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin -Examples of gram-positive bacteria include the bacteria that causes scarlet fever, toxic shock syndrome, tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, and some kinds of pneumonia.

Types of Bacteria b. Gram-negative bacteria (red) are difficult to kill due to their protective lipid layer. EX: Rhizobacteria -Resistance to antibiotics is spreading quickly as bacteria use conjugation to trade rings of DNA called plasmids. c. Many pathogens such as those that cause Syphilis and Lyme Disease have Flagella to move.

Types of Bacteria Cyanobacteria are the Blue-Green Bacteria that BLOOM in late summer. -They perform photosynthesis and release oxygen. Anthrax is the pathogen we worry will be unleashed by terrorists in the near future. -It can last 60 years in an endospore then undergo binary fission every 20 minutes.