V/S, Respiration

Function of the Lungs Provide transfer of Oxygen form air to bloodProvide transfer of Oxygen form air to blood Inhaled=21%Inhaled=21% Exhaled=16%Exhaled=16% Provide transfer of carbon dioxide outProvide transfer of carbon dioxide out

What is the Respiration? It is the act of breathing through inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation. External respiration : interchange of O2 and CO2 b/w alveoli and pulmonary blood. Internal respiration : interchange of O2 and CO2 b/w circulating blood and cells of body tissues.

Costal (thoracic) breathing :Costal (thoracic) breathing : Involves external inter-costal Muscles and accessory muscles (sterno-cleido-mastoid) The chest moved upward and outward

Diaphragmatic (abdominal)Diaphragmatic (abdominal) respiration : contraction and relaxation of diaphragm. Observed by abdominalObserved by abdominalmovement

6 Mechanics and Regulation of Breathing

7 Figure Respiratory inhalation. Lateral view

8 Figure (continued) Respiratory inhalation. Anterior view.

9 Figure Respiratory exhalation. Lateral view

10 Figure (continued) Respiratory exhalation. Anterior view.

Respiratory control Respiratory center in medulla oblongata and the pons of the brainRespiratory center in medulla oblongata and the pons of the brain Chemo-receptors located in medulla and carotid artery and aortaChemo-receptors located in medulla and carotid artery and aorta

12 Factors Affecting Respiration Factors ↑ Resp. ExerciseExercise StressStress ↑ environmental temp.↑ environmental temp. Lowered O2 concentrations at increased altitudesLowered O2 concentrations at increased altitudes Factors ↓ Resp. Certain medication e.g. narcoticsCertain medication e.g. narcotics ↑ ICP↑ ICP

Respiratory rates Breaths/m (teen ages- above 70 years)15-20 Breaths/m (teen ages- above 70 years) B/m ( years)15-25 B/m ( years) B/m (1 year)20-40 B/m (1 year) B/m (new born)30-80 B/m (new born)

Assessing respiration Complete cycles of respiration for one minute.Complete cycles of respiration for one minute. Consider influences and factors affecting respiration and medicationsConsider influences and factors affecting respiration and medications Don’t tell the client when counting respirationDon’t tell the client when counting respiration

Description of respiratory rate Normal respiratory rate and depth= eupnoeaNormal respiratory rate and depth= eupnoea Slow resp. = bradypneaSlow resp. = bradypnea Fast resp. = tachpnea (polypnea)Fast resp. = tachpnea (polypnea) Absence breathing = apneaAbsence breathing = apnea

Respiratory volume HypoventilationHypoventilation HyperventilationHyperventilation

Respiratory Rhythm Cheyne-stokes breathing : very deep to very shallow and temporary apnea.Cheyne-stokes breathing : very deep to very shallow and temporary apnea.

Ease and Efforts DyspneaDyspnea Orthopnea : ability to breath only in upright sitting or standing positions.Orthopnea : ability to breath only in upright sitting or standing positions.

Breathing sounds Stridor (laryngeal obstruction)Stridor (laryngeal obstruction) Stretor (snoring)(partial obstruction of URT)Stretor (snoring)(partial obstruction of URT) Wheeze (whistling) (narrowed or partial obstruction of airways)Wheeze (whistling) (narrowed or partial obstruction of airways) Bubbling (gurgling) (moist secretions in respiratory tract)Bubbling (gurgling) (moist secretions in respiratory tract)

Chest movements Intercostal retraction (b/w ribs)Intercostal retraction (b/w ribs) Substernal retraction (beneath breast bone)Substernal retraction (beneath breast bone) Suprasternal retraction (above clavicles)Suprasternal retraction (above clavicles)

Secretions and coughing HemoptysisHemoptysis Productive coughProductive cough Non-productive coughNon-productive cough