1. Ch 13-B Respiratory System …

2. Pulmonary Ventilation … 3. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
*Tidal Volume = define and give volume of air
Influencing factors: size, sex, age, …
*Inspiratory reserve volume = define and give volume of air

3. B. External Respiration– gas exchange at alveoli
Gases move by diffusion
Blood just arriving at lung from Pulmonary Artery:
*Oxygen, O2: high or low?
Carbon dioxide, CO2: high or low?
Blood leaving the lungs via the Pulmonary veins:
*O2: high or low?
CO2: high or low?
(a) External respiration in the lungs
(pulmonary gas exchange)
Oxygen is loaded into the blood
and carbon dioxide is unloaded.
Alveoli (air sacs)
High O2
Low CO2
Loading
of O2
Unloading
of CO2
Low O2
High CO2
Plasma
Red blood cell
Pulmonary capillary

4. C. Gas Transport in the Blood
1. Oxygen transport: After the initial diffusion, how is the O2 carried in the blood
*Most is on: what chemical?
*Oxyhemoglobin = ?
A small amount is:
2. Carbon Dioxide transport in blood: after diffusing from the body cells into the blood
Most is on:
1st reaction CO H2O H2CO H+ + HCO3
2nd reaction
- requires an enzyme
Some is dissolved in the plasma and amino acids of hemoglobin
Carbonic Acid
Bicarbonate

5. D. Internal Respiration
*= define
1. Oxygen: Opposite to what occurs in lungs
*Oxygen diffuses from __________________ to
_______________________
Then: Hemoglobin:
2. Carbon dioxide: diffuses from ___________ to
_______________

6. Oxygen is unloaded and carbon dioxide is loaded into the blood.
(b) Internal respiration in the body tissues
(systemic capillary gas exchange)
Oxygen is unloaded and carbon
dioxide is loaded into the blood.
Tissue cells
High CO2
Low O2
Loading
of CO2
Unloading
of O2
Low CO2
High O2
Plasma
Systemic capillary
Red blood cell
Figure 13.11b

7. V. CONTROL OF RESPIRATION A. Neural Regulation
Medulla—sets rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker area
CO2 in blood
Pons—smooths out respiratory rate
Normal respiratory rate
12 to 15 respirations per minute

8. Brain
Breathing
control
centers
Pons
centers
Medulla
centers
Afferent
Impulses to
medulla
Efferent nerve impulses from
medulla trigger contraction of
inspiratory muscles
Intercostal
nerves
Phrenic
nerves
Breathing control centers
stimulated by:
CO2 increase in blood
(acts directly on medulla
centers by causing a
drop in pH of CSF)
Nerve impulse
from O2 sensor
indicating O2
decrease
Intercostal
muscles
O2 sensor
in aortic body
of aortic arch
Diaphragm
CSF in
brain
sinus
Figure 13.12

9. B. Chemical Factors (Non-Neural) Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
Chemical factors: CO2 levels
CO2: most important stimulus because it affects blood pH
Increased levels of CO2  acidic blood pH
 increases rate & depth of breathing to correct
O2 levels have a lesser affect due to the reserve of O2 in the hemoglobin

10. VI. Respiratory Disorders: STUDENTS DO
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
Lung Cancer
Cystic Fibrosis
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Asthma
Affects of TOBACCO

11. END 23 slides, excluding diagrams A =17, B=6 29: A=11 and B=18
Total = 95 for this next test