Transformation of the West Chapter 17, pgs

Periodization : Italian Renaissance : Northern Renaissance, Reformation, Commercial Revolution : Scientific Revolution, Political change : Enlightenment

First Changes: Culture & Commerce Petrarch – writings of pride & human achievement contrast w/ previous more religious periods A New Spirit

Renaissance Italy ~urban center, commercial center~ Humanism = focus on humankind Examples: Literature, Art, Politics –Economic effects –Political effects 1 of 2

Renaissance Northern Renaissance ~political independence & trade decline in Med~ More religious, but humanism continues –Political effects Impact of Renaissance was limited however 2 of 2

Changes in Technology & Family Contacts spurred new technology New European-style family emerged

Protestant & Catholic Reformation Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church –Believed faith = salvation Protestantism was born –Political appeal –Peasant appeal 1 of 2

Protestant & Catholic Reformation After unity breached, other Protestant groups sprang forward –Anglican: England (Henry VIII) –Calvinism Catholic Reformation –Catholic Church fights back, successfully in S. Europe 2 of 2

End of Christian Unity in West Effects of Reformation: –Religious wars Some religious pluralism, not liberty –Political benefits mixed –Beyond politics Less connection b/t god & nature Gender relations Literacy

Commercial Revolution New levels of trade –Caused by world economy & inflation Colonial markets stimulate manufacturing Prosperity of commoners improves too –Average 5x more “things” than SE Europeans

Social Protest Formation of proletariat Rising population & food prices hit poor hard ↳ Increased tension b/t rich & poor

Next Changes: Science & Politics Scientific Revolution Rise of nation-state Copernicus = 1 st step in scientific revolution Did Copernicus Copy?

Science: The New Authority Examples of scientists who followed Copernicus –Kepler –Vesalius –Galileo –Harvey –Bacon –Descartes –Newton –Locke 1 of 2

Science: The New Authority Impact of scientific revolution: –Spread of scientific knowledge –Belief in human control & understanding environment –Attacks on traditional religious ideas –Wide assumption about human progress Science = center of intellectual life for 1 st time 2 of 2

Absolute & Parliamentary Monarchies –Decline of feudal monarchy = 2 new government forms 1. Absolute Monarchy Example : France 2. Parliamentary Monarchy Example : England

The Nation-State Governments who increasingly ruled peoples of common culture & language –Resulted in: New loyalties & political bonds …which resulted in Commoners believing gov should act in their interests …which resulted in New functions of gov (like economics)

The West by 1750

Political Patterns By end of period, political change drawing to close in England & France Change continued in Prussia however –Frederick the Great Warfare b/t nations continued often b/c of rivalry

Enlightenment Thought Cultural changes as result of applying rational thought to human society Enlightenment principles = of 2

Enlightenment Thought Popularization & changes for ordinary people –Common exchanges of ideas –Increasingly wide audiences for findings –Attitudes toward children changed –Family hierarchy weakened 2 of 2

Ongoing Change in Commerce Commerce & consumerism spread to ordinary life –Agriculture –Manufacturing ↳ Population explosion

Innovation & Instability Interconnection of developments is key Change in Europe = change in view of others –Backwards, if not uncivilized Global Connections