CHAPTER 17 NUTRITION DURING THE GROWING YEARS

LEARNING OUTCOMES Describe normal growth and development during infancy, childhood and adolescence and the effect of nutrition on growth and development Compare the calorie and nutrient needs of infants, children and adolescents Compare the nutritional qualities of human milk and infant formula 2

LEARNING OUTCOMES Explain the rationale-from the standpoint of both nutrition and physical development-for the delay in feeding infants solid foods until 4 to 6 months of age Describe the recommended rate and sequence for introducing solid foods into an infant’s diet Discuss the factors that affect the food intake of infants and adolescents 3

LEARNING OUTCOMES Describe the potential nutrition-related problems that may occur during the growing years and their impact on future health 4

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PHYSICAL GROWTH Tracking Growth Percentile Curves Using Growth Chart Information Failure to Thrive Physical abnormalities Nutrition problems Feeding problems Height ends when epiphyses fuse 6

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MACRONUTRIENT NEEDS Energy Infant: 50 kcal/pound 2-3 months old to age 3: 43 kcal/pound By age 15 it is 16 kcal/pound Protein Infant: 1.5 g/kg Childhood and adolescence: lower than infants, but still 20-40% higher than adults 8

MACRONUTRIENT NEEDS Fat 40-55% of baby’s caloric intake Higher needs because of brain development Recommendations to prevent heart disease DO NOT APPLY to those under 2 years old Carbohydrate Mostly lactose at first After age 1 fiber intakes tend to be too low Water Higher needs by body weight Infants usually get all needs from formula or milk No cow milk until age 1 9

NUTRIENT NEEDS Vitamins and Minerals Iron: 4-6 months iron stores depleted Calcium: age 9-18 critical time Fluoride: supplement if low amounts in water Zinc: caution if low meat intake Vitamin D: supplement may be needed in breast fed babies Vitamin K: given at birth to ensure normal blood clotting 10

DO KIDS NEED VITAMINS? Vitamin K In some cases iron, D, fluoride, B12 Important to evaluate diet Will not replace a healthy diet! 11 Sucrose, Invert Sugar, Artificial and Natural Flavors, Niacinamide, FD&C Red #40 Aluminum Lake, FD&C Yellow #6 Aluminum Lake, Magnesium Stearate, FD&C Blue #2 Aluminum Lake

FEEDING BABIES: HUMAN MILK AND FORMULA Nutritional Quality of Human Milk Hindmilk versus fore milk 12

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COMPARING HUMAN MILK AND FORMULA 14 Other: Health benefits, cost, convenience and bonding

COMPARING HUMAN MILK AND FORMULA Feeding Technique Babies need 2-3 ounces every 2-4 hours Monitor diapers Preparing Bottles Mix formula correctly Can refrigerate for 1 day, breast milk can be frozen for 6 months Don’t microwave Always throw away leftover milk or formula 15

FEEDING BABIES: ADDING SOLID FOODS When to introduce solids? ~6 months old Nutritional need Physiological capability Physical ability Control head movement and sit alone with support Extrusion reflex weakens Chewing motion 16

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ADDING SOLID FOODS Rate and sequence for introducing solid foods One food at a time Iron fortified cereal is usually first Foods to avoid (honey, cow milk, nuts) Weaning from breast or bottle Use of a cup Learning to self feed 18 dry-solid-food /

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CHILDREN AS EATERS Appetites When, what and how much to serve Food preferences Meal time challenges “Picky eaters” Food jags 20

TEENAGE EATING PATTERNS Factors Affecting Teens’ Food Choices Body image Athletics and physical performance Helping Teens Eat More Nutritious Foods 21

POTENTIAL NUTRITION-RELATED PROBLEMS OF THE GROWING YEARS Babies Gastroesphogeal reflux Milk allergy Constipation Diarrhea Ear infection Dental caries Adolescents Early childhood dental caries Obesity Hyperactivity Acne Teen-age pregnancy 22