End of WW1 The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations

End of War Nov. 3, 1918 –sailors refused to sail out b/c felt no use fighting anymore Nov. 9, 1918 – Rebellion in Berlin led to est. of German Republic (Kaiser out) No decisive battle to end war, but German war machine was exhausted 11/11 at 11 - Germany stopped the fighting

Wilson’s 14 Points Plan for Post WW1 Europe Goal: To prevent future wars Encouraged Central Powers to surrender Listed in a speech delivered by President Wilson January 8, Only 4 points ultimately adopted in Treaty

Paris Peace Conference 5 Treaties made during Paris Peace Conference 1.Treaty of Versailles – Germany 2.Treaty of Trianon – Hungary 3.Treaty of Neuilly – Bulgaria 4.Treaty of St. Germaine – Austria 5.Treaty of Sevres - Turkey

Treaty of Versailles Treaty between Allies and Germany Very Harsh towards Germany, much more so than what was presented in Wilson’s 14 points US did not adopt the Treaty See Handout for details

Treaty of Versailles and Germany Germany must demilitarize Germany loses many colonial claims Belgium gets some of German land France gets Germany’s Saar Basin (coal mines) Denmark and Czechoslovakia get German land Germany must reduce Navy War Guilt Clause – Clause 231  Germany is blamed for the war –Must pay a set impossible 6.6 billion pounds in reparations

League of Nations Organization of Countries Goal of League: to prevent future wars, by providing a venue for countries to discuss/work out disputes 2 Tier Assembly 1.General Assembly – all country members 2.A Council – 5 Great Powers, 4 other elected powers

Problems with the League League could not pose sanctions No Military to enforce its will No action could be taken without the consent of the Council U.S. does not join the League of Nations

Effects of WW1 How WW1 set History for the 20 th century

1. Political Chaos A) Collapse of Monarchies –Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire –Instability will ultimately lead to rise of Dictators B) Creation of New Countries –Czechoslovakia, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, Yugoslavia, Syria, Iraq –Leads to Ethnic Conflicts

2. Crushed Economies Parts of Europe completely demolished by the fighting  farm lands, industry German reparations were so high, unable to keep up Economic stagnation – unemployment, sagging currencies Leads to DEPRESSION, especially in Germany

CountryDeadWoundedMissingTotal Africa/ S. Africa17, ,000 Australia58,150152, ,320 Austria-Hungary922,0003,600,000855,2835,377,283 Belgium44,000450, ,000 Britain658,7002,032,150359,1503,050,000 Bulgaria87,500152,39027,029266,919 Canada56,500149, ,200 France1,359,0004,200,000361,6505,920,650 Germany1,600,0004,065,000103,0005,768,000 India43,20065,1755,875114,250 Italy689,000959,100-1,424,660 Japan ,210 Montenegro3,00010,0007,00020,000 Portugal7,22213,75112,31833,291 Romania335,706120,00080,000535,706 Russia1,700,0005,000,000-6,700,000 Serbia45,000133,148152,958331,106 Turkey250,000400, ,000 USA58,480189,95514,290262,725

Social Chaos displaced refugees Social damage from: – 10 million men dead –millions wounded and/or disabled –5 million widows –9 million orphans Unstable birth rate Psychological damage due to shell shock, loss of limbs, death of friends/families –Lead to: alcoholism, morphine addiction Many disabled soldiers struggling to find a new role in society, no equipment produced in their aid

US post-WW1 Obvious New World Power Return to Isolationism New wave of Nativism Women earn suffrage