Earth’s Atmosphere Part 1 - A view of Planet Earth: Spheres Within a Sphere Animated balloon floats into distance (Advanced) To reproduce the balloon on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, under Basic Shapes, click Teardrop (second row, fourth from the left). On the slide, drag to draw the teardrop. On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher, and then in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane. In the Size pane, under Size and rotate, do the following: In the Rotation box, enter 133⁰. In the Width box, enter 1.7”. In the Height box, enter 1.66”. Also in In the Format Shape dialog box click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stops or Remove gradient stops until three stops appear in the slider. In the Angle box, enter 90. In the Type list, select Linear. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Red, Accent 2, Darker 25% (fifth row, sixth option from the left). In the Position box, enter 13%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Red, Accent 2, Lighter 40% (fourth row, sixth option from the left). In the Position box, enter 66%. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). In the Position box, enter 100%. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Basic Shapes, click Isosceles Triangle (third option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw the isosceles triangle. Also in the Format Shape dialog box in the left pane, click Line Color, and in the Line Color pane, select No line. Select the isosceles triangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane. in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, do the following: In the Height box, enter 0.16”. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, click Solid Fill. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Red, Accent 2, Darker 25% (fifth row, sixth option from the left). In the Rotation box, enter 8⁰. In the Width box, enter 0.11”. Also in the Format Shape dialog box in the left pane, click Line Color, and then in the Line Color pane select No line. Select the curvy line. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then under Theme Colors, click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and under Lines click Curve (tenth option from the right). On the slide, draw a curve (for, example, one that has four points). Press ESC to end the curve. Position the isosceles triangle on the slide so that the sharp angle touches the point of the teardrop. On the Home, in the Drawing group, click Shape Outline, point to Weight, and then click 1 pt. Select the oval. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and under Basic Shapes, select Oval (second option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw an oval. Position the curve on your slide so that one end is touching the bottom edge of the isosceles triangle. In the Shape Height box, enter 1.2”. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane click Fill. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Shape Width box, enter 1.2”. Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Center (third option from the left). In the Type list, select Radial. In the Position box, enter 0%. In the Position box, enter 50%. In the Transparency box, enter 81%. In the Position box, enter 71%. Position the oval at the top, left edge of the teardrop to create a lighting effect. Also in the Format Shape dialog box in the left pane, click Line Color, and then in the Line Color pane click No line. In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Press and hold CTRL, and then select all four objects. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then under Group Objects click Group. To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then click More Motion Paths. In the Motion Path dialog box, under Lines & Curves, click Diagonal Up Right, and then click OK. On the slide, select the balloon and drag it off the bottom left corner of the slide. On the slide, select the motion path and then drag the end point (red triangle) across the slide and off the top right corner. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Emphasis click Grow/Shrink. On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box, enter 32. On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Start list, select With Previous. On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then click the Show Additional Effect Options dialog box launcher. In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, under Settings, click the arrow next to the Size box and in the Custom box, enter 2%. Note: You can save the background of this slide template as a picture and use it in your own slides. To use the same background as this slide, do the following: To reproduce the background on this slide, do one of the following: Save the file as a JPEG (.jpg) file format. Right-click the sky background on the original template, and then click Save Background. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.   On the Design tab, in the Background group, click Background Styles, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Picture fill in the Fill pane, and then under Insert from click File.

The Size of the Earth Diameter (N to S): 12,740 km Circumference (distance around the Earth) at the equator: 40,075 km Equator: imaginary line around the Earth that divides Earth into two hemispheres, Northern and Southern Hemisphere = half a sphere

Three Main Features of the Earth Lithosphere: All the land on Earth the crust Includes the continents and all the land beneath the oceans and the continents Atmosphere: Envelope of gases that surrounds the Earth Provides materials necessary to support life Protects the Earth Hydrosphere: All the water on Earth Includes oceans, rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, etc., the water frozen in glaciers and at the poles, and water in underground aquifers 97% is salt water 85% of the fresh water is frozen in the polar ice caps leaving only 15% of the 3% available for use

Earth’s Atmosphere Part 2 – Development of the Atmosphere (Advanced) Animated balloon floats into distance (Advanced) To reproduce the balloon on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, under Basic Shapes, click Teardrop (second row, fourth from the left). On the slide, drag to draw the teardrop. On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher, and then in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane. In the Size pane, under Size and rotate, do the following: In the Rotation box, enter 133⁰. In the Width box, enter 1.7”. In the Height box, enter 1.66”. Also in In the Format Shape dialog box click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following: Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stops or Remove gradient stops until three stops appear in the slider. In the Angle box, enter 90. In the Type list, select Linear. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Red, Accent 2, Darker 25% (fifth row, sixth option from the left). In the Position box, enter 13%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Red, Accent 2, Lighter 40% (fourth row, sixth option from the left). In the Position box, enter 66%. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left). In the Position box, enter 100%. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Basic Shapes, click Isosceles Triangle (third option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw the isosceles triangle. Also in the Format Shape dialog box in the left pane, click Line Color, and in the Line Color pane, select No line. Select the isosceles triangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane. in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, do the following: In the Height box, enter 0.16”. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, click Solid Fill. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Red, Accent 2, Darker 25% (fifth row, sixth option from the left). In the Rotation box, enter 8⁰. In the Width box, enter 0.11”. Also in the Format Shape dialog box in the left pane, click Line Color, and then in the Line Color pane select No line. Select the curvy line. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Outline, and then under Theme Colors, click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left). On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and under Lines click Curve (tenth option from the right). On the slide, draw a curve (for, example, one that has four points). Press ESC to end the curve. Position the isosceles triangle on the slide so that the sharp angle touches the point of the teardrop. On the Home, in the Drawing group, click Shape Outline, point to Weight, and then click 1 pt. Select the oval. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and under Basic Shapes, select Oval (second option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw an oval. Position the curve on your slide so that one end is touching the bottom edge of the isosceles triangle. In the Shape Height box, enter 1.2”. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane click Fill. In the Fill pane, select Gradient fill. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Shape Width box, enter 1.2”. Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Center (third option from the left). In the Type list, select Radial. In the Position box, enter 0%. In the Position box, enter 50%. In the Transparency box, enter 81%. In the Position box, enter 71%. Position the oval at the top, left edge of the teardrop to create a lighting effect. Also in the Format Shape dialog box in the left pane, click Line Color, and then in the Line Color pane click No line. In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Press and hold CTRL, and then select all four objects. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then under Group Objects click Group. To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following: On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then click More Motion Paths. In the Motion Path dialog box, under Lines & Curves, click Diagonal Up Right, and then click OK. On the slide, select the balloon and drag it off the bottom left corner of the slide. On the slide, select the motion path and then drag the end point (red triangle) across the slide and off the top right corner. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then under Emphasis click Grow/Shrink. On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box, enter 32. On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Start list, select With Previous. On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click Effect Options, and then click the Show Additional Effect Options dialog box launcher. In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, under Settings, click the arrow next to the Size box and in the Custom box, enter 2%. Note: You can save the background of this slide template as a picture and use it in your own slides. To use the same background as this slide, do the following: To reproduce the background on this slide, do one of the following: Save the file as a JPEG (.jpg) file format. Right-click the sky background on the original template, and then click Save Background. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.   On the Design tab, in the Background group, click Background Styles, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Picture fill in the Fill pane, and then under Insert from click File.

The Past Atmosphere Theory: 4 billion years ago the atmosphere contained two deadly gases, methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3), and also some water Sunlight triggered chemical reactions forming new materials: nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Methane and ammonia were removed but water remained. The hydrogen dissipated into space.

The Past Atmosphere When cyanobacteria evolved they began releasing oxygen into the atmosphere as a by- product of photosynthesis. Some O2 molecules rose to the stratosphere where sunlight caused them to be converted into ozone (O3). The ozone layer (at 30km above the Earth’s surface) protects life on Earth by absorbing most of the harmful UV radiation from the sun.

The Past Atmosphere In time, green algae and plants also began to release oxygen into the atmosphere. Around 600 million years ago the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide stabilized to their present levels.

The Present Atmosphere Composition of dry atmosphere: Nitrogen ~ 78% Oxygen ~ 21% Argon ~ .9% All other gases, including the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane, <0.04% Water Vapor ~0.40% over full atmosphere typically 1% – 4% at surface Other trace gases include ozone, carbon monoxide, ammonia, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and iodine.  Many natural substances may be present in tiny amounts in an unfiltered air sample, including dust, pollen and spores, sea spray, and volcanic ash. Various industrial pollutants also may be present, such as chlorine(elementary or in compounds), fluorine compounds, elemental mercury, and sulfur compounds such as sulfur dioxide [SO2].

The Present Atmosphere In addition to all the gases that make up the atmosphere there are also tiny particles of solid materials. These may include dust, smoke, dirt, and bits of salt. Mold spores and pollen can also be found at varying levels through the year. Sources may be natural (volcanoes for example) or artificial (industrial pollutants). Salt from breaking ocean waves

Oxygen Used by all organisms that carry out aerobic respiration. Released by plants as they carry out photosynthesis. Also needed in order for things to burn (combustion) and rust (oxidation). Oxygen does cycle in and out of the atmosphere, but it is not a limiting factor for the growth of organisms, nor are high levels a concern.

Atmospheric Cycles Cycles are used by scientists to describe how substances naturally enter and leave the atmosphere. Three cycles that are important to organisms are: The Nitrogen Cycle The Carbon Cycle The Water Cycle

Nitrogen View the following animation on the Nitrogen Cycle: http://moodle.oakland.k12.mi.us/os/mod/page/view.php?id=37546 &inpopup=1 Major Points to the Nitrogen Cycle: All living things need nitrogen to make proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). N2 gas in the atmosphere can’t be used by most organisms. Certain bacteria that live in symbiotic relationships with plants, or that live in the soil, can “fix” N2, converting it into NH3 that can be used by plants or be converted to NO3 that can be used. (= nitrogen fixation)

Nitrogen Major Points to the Nitrogen Cycle (continued): Animals get nitrogen by eating plants, or other animals When organisms die and their bodies decompose, most of the organic compounds are changed back into inorganic compounds, including NH3, NO3, and NO2. These compounds can then be taken up by plants and reused. Certain bacteria in the soil change some of these compounds back into nitrogen gas (N2) that is released back into the atmosphere. (= denitrification) FYI: In an energy consuming process, humans artificially convert N2 into NH3 and NO3 to make fertilizer. Overuse of fertilizer can alter the natural nitrogen cycle and change the growth of organisms in an area.

Assignment Working with a partner, create a labeled diagram of the nitrogen cycle. Use your notes about the major points to the nitrogen cycle as a guide for what to include. Use arrows to show the direction of movement of nitrogen. Use illustrations where helpful.

The Nitrogen Cycle

Carbon View the following animation on the carbon cycle: http://moodle.oakland.k12.mi.us/os/mod/page/view.php?id=37546 &inpopup=1 Major Points to the Carbon Cycle Present as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Used by plants to make organic compounds during photosynthesis Absorbed by ocean waters, where it is used by phytoplankton for photosynthesis Produced by all organisms during the process of respiration (including water dwellers) Released when organic compounds decompose or are burned

Assignment Working with a partner, create a labeled diagram of the carbon cycle. Use your notes about the major points to the carbon cycle as a guide for what to include. Use arrows to show the direction of movement of carbon. Use illustrations where helpful.

THE CARBON CYCLE: This diagram of the fast carbon cycle shows the movement of carbon between land, atmosphere, and oceans. Yellow numbers are natural fluxes, and red are human contributions in gigatons of carbon per year. White numbers indicate stored carbon. (Diagram adapted from U.S. DOE, Biological and Environmental Research Information System.)

Water View the following animation on the water or hydrological cycle: http://moodle.oakland.k12.mi.us/os/mod/page/view.php?id=375 46&inpopup=1 Major Points to the Water Cycle The evaporation and precipitation of water drive the cycling of water across the Earth. The most evaporation occurs over the ocean. Most water evaporated from the ocean forms clouds (condensation) and then precipitates back into the ocean. Some water vapor is blown over land where it then condenses into clouds and precipitates on to the land.

Water Major Points to the Water Cycle…continued Evaporation also occurs from lakes and rivers and from the soil. Plants also release water into the air by transpiration (the evaporation of water taken up by roots and transported to the leaves). Some water that precipitates is absorbed by the ground and can be used by plants. Some becomes runoff and flows into streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes. Some water eventually flows back to the oceans.

Assignment Working with a partner, create a labeled diagram of the water cycle. Use your notes about the major points to the water cycle as a guide for what to include. Use arrows to show the direction of movement of water. Use the appropriate labels for each part of the cycle. Use illustrations where helpful.