On your horizon Research Assignment Due Monday night Worth 15 pts. Will help you develop your speech Exam 2 Wednesday Review materials are up online 30% Short answer (Group) and 70% Multiple Choice Next Friday: Workshop for first 3 days of speakers

FROM “MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING” DOGBERRY “Marry, sir, they have committed false report; moreover, they have spoken untruths; secondarily, they are slanders; sixth and lastly, they have belied a lady; thirdly, They have verified unjust things; and, to conclude, they are lying knaves.”

Supporting your ideas Use a SET of Evidence Statistics Examples Testimony

Statistics Adds logos If you can measure it you feel like you know it

Evaluating Statistics Representative Reliability of sources Mean (the average) Median (the middle number) According to data collected by USA Today: Mean (average) Salary: $ 1,931,518 Median Salary: $ 812,500 Lowest: $390,980 Highest: 16+ million

Deploying Statistics Identify sources Use sparingly Round off Use visual aids Explain your stats: interpret relate

Examples Brief, extended, or hypothetical Adds Pathos Strongest impact when vivid and well delivered Strongest as evidence when linked with statistics

Testimony Peer or Expert Adds Ethos

Quiz 4 Question 1 According to The New York Times Almanac, California has the largest Native-American population of any state in the union: 421,346. Arizona is second with 294,118; and Oklahoma is third with 287, What kind of supporting material is this and how could better follow the rules for this kind of material?

Quiz 4 Question 2 In the words of one expert, “The state education budget has been cut so much in recent years that any further cuts will do irreparable harm to our schools and the children they serve.” 2. What kind of supporting material is this and how could better follow the rules for this kind of material?

SAMPLE SPEECH

Factory Farms 100,000 cattle

20 Trillion Dollars 570 billion bags of hamburger substitute 700 students at 1 bag/week 15 million years

Justin’s Famous Chili $20 for ingredients 8 servings $20 / 8 = $2.50 per serving

Quiz 4 Question 3 What is the Pattern of Organization for each of these speeches? 3A I. Overconsumption of meat causes several problems in the United States II. Cutting meat out of your diet just one day a week can have a significant impact not only on your personal health, but on the environment as well. 3B I. Overcrowded animal shelters and terrible conditions at puppy mills cause serious harm to animals. II. You can help reduce this problem by adopting a pet from a shelter. III. An adopted pet will bring you many benefits.

Logos: Logic & Reasoning

Read the following passage outloud. FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE- SULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIF- IC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS.

Reasoning: Toulmin Model

Pennies Speech Example We eliminated the half penny in 1857 without harmful effect, so we can safely eliminate the penny today. We can safely eliminate the penny. We eliminated the half penny in 1857 without harm.

Reasoning: Analogy Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. Sample Analogy in Debate

Reasoning: Analogy You can adopt meatless Monday Institutions like Harvard now have meatless days.

Reasoning: Analogy Figurative Students are more like oysters than sausages. The job of teaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up, but to help them open and reveal the riches within. (Sydney J. Harris, "What True Education Should Do," 1964) Literal Socialized medicine works in Canada, so socialized medicine will work in the U.S.

Strong or Weak Analogies? A ban on all alcohol use in the dorms will work at ISU because such a ban worked at Luther College. We praise the lives of soldiers who sacrificed their lives for the sake of others, why can’t we celebrate embryos sacrificed in order to save the lives of others?

Reasoning: Specific Instances Moves from particular facts to general conclusions Surveys and studies Neilson ratings and representative samples

Reasoning: Specific Instances UN group proves impact on greenhouse gases Humane Society article: 2/3 of ag land for animal support Manure from feedlots hurts groundwater Meat production hurts the environment

Reasoning: Specific Instances Meat production hurts the environment 1.impact on greenhouse gases 2. Ag land for animal support 3. Manure makes runoff

Reasoning: Specific Instances my friends and I watched violent cartoons and aren’t violent people, so.... This is a Hasty Generalization

Reasoning: Causal Arguments The most challenging of the types of reasoning. We can’t see causal relationships, we can only infer them. Examples “cigarettes cause lung cancer” “Human beings are causing global climate change”

Reasoning: Causal Arguments Serious negative health complications arise. Over-eating meat leads to obesity.

Reasoning: Causal Arguments Fallacies and Problems “post hoc ergo propter hoc” “after this therefore because of this” confusing a relationship in time with cause and effect

Reasoning: Causal Arguments Fallacies and Problems multiple causation rainforest destruction is the cause of global warming T.V. is responsible for school violence correlation vs. causation

Tips for success in causal reasoning. use causal chains use testimony of experts combine them with specific instances

Quiz 4 Questions 4 and 5 4. What kind of reasoning is used below? Is it strong or weak? Why? “According to a study by the American Medical Association, men with bald spots have three times the risk of heart attack as men with a full head of hair. Strange as it may seem, it looks as if baldness is a cause of heart attacks.” 5. What kind of reasoning is used below? Is it strong or weak? Why? “Raising a child is just like having a pet—you need to feed it, play with it, train it and everything will be fine.”

The Building Blocks Strong Analysis: Problem, Plan, Practicality Evidence / Supporting Material using Ethos, Logos and Pathos Statistics, Examples, Testimony Reasoning Principle Specific Instances [generalization] Analogy Causal Audience Connection— With Content: Mental Dialogue With Structure With Delivery

Summary of all methods Ethos Expert testimony Personal competence Common ground Deliver with conviction Logos Statistics Specific instances Causal Analogical Pathos Examples Emotional language Deliver with conviction

Logos: Logic & Good Reasons

Ethos: Credibility

Pathos: Emotional Appeal