Chapter 29 Shaken to The Roots 1965–1980

“They asked if I’d fight for my country. I answered the FBI yeah, I will point a gun for my country, But I won’t guarantee you which way.” Woody Guthrie Source:  Pete Seeger -- an original verse, sung to Acres of Clams "We are all capable of believing things which we know to be untrue, and then, when we are finally proved wrong, impudently twisting the facts so as to show that we were right. Intellectually, it is possible to carry on this process for an indefinite time: the only check on it is that sooner or later a false belief bumps up against solid reality, usually on a battlefield."  George Orwell [1946 essay "In Front of Your Nose."] "I don¹t see why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist.” Henry Kissinger [about Chile’s election of Salvadore Allende]

Concepts NIMBYs William Julius Wilson 1978 Bakke California’s Proposition 13 in 1978 Roe v. Wade in 1973 Anastasio Somoza, Sandinistas 1980 Olympic Games boycott / Afghanistan Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi [Shah] Marielitos October surprise? 1980 Noam Chomsky Kern Council for Civic Unity, BC’s Duane Belcher Ad-Hoc BCSD HEW Hearing, 1974 – Bakersfield City School District Minority Coalition, 1970s Kern County CSNY – Chicago and Ohio [songs] Angela Davis, George Jackson [“Soledad Brother”]

Bibliography William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions [1980] Gary Sick, October Surprise [1991] Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President [1995] Barbara Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class [1989]

Key Questions [Not on Exam 4] How did the national consensus of the 1950s and early1960s unravel? What challenges did American cities face in the late 1960s and 1970s? Why did America’s view of the war in Vietnam change in 1968? What was the legacy of Richard Nixon’s presidency? How was Jimmy Carter’s idealism a frustration to his success as president?

Chronology 1973 Roe v. Wade legalizes abortion / national gov't [Sp. Ct.] forces all states to allow abortions Arab embargo sparks oil crisis in the US Construction of Alaska oil pipeline begins 1974 Richard Nixon resigns presidency; Gerald Ford President Ford pardons Nixon and introduces anti-inflation program Community Development Act funds programs for urban improvement Coalition of Labor Union Women formed 1975 Unemployment rate reaches nearly 9 percent South Vietnamese government falls Anti-busing protests break out in Boston New York City government declares itself bankrupt

1976. Percentage of African Americans attending college peaks at 9. 3 1976 Percentage of African Americans attending college peaks at 9.3 percent and begins a decline Hyde Amendment restricts use of Medicare funds for abortions Tom Wolfe declares "the Me Decade" Jimmy Carter is elected president 1977 President Carter announces human rights as major tenet in foreign policy Stagflation-- unemployment and inflation Depart. of Energy is established 1978 Bakke v. University of California new limits on affirmative action Senator Edward Kennedy calls attention to "a permanent underclass" Panama Canal Treaties arrange for turning the canal over to Panama by 2000 Camp David meeting terms for Middle East Peace California passes Proposition 13, cutting property taxes and government social programs Inflation reaches 10 percent

1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident threatens a meltdown Moral Majority is formed SALT II treaty is signed in Vienna but later stalls in the Senate Nicaragua Revolution [Sandinistas] overthrows Anastasio Somoza Iranian fundamentalists seize the U.S. embassy in Tehran and hold hostages 444 days Soviets invade Afghanistan Equal Rights Amendment, three states short of ratification, gets a three-year extension but eventually dies anyway 1980 United States boycotts Olympic Games in Moscow due to Afghanistan

Kent State The shootings at Kent State University in May 1970 reflected the deep divisions in American society created by the Vietnam War, including those between antiwar college students and young people serving in the armed forces. © John Paul Filo/Hutton/Archive

Antiwar Protests Antiwar protests were simultaneously symbolic and disruptive. Some activists dumped jars of animal blood over draft-board records. Others tried to block munitions trains. In October 1967, a hundred thousand people marched on the Pentagon and surrounded it with the light of burning draft cards. Some in front stuck flowers in the rifle barrels of the soldiers ringing the building; others kicked and spat. The troops and police cleared the grounds with tear gas and clubs. Corbis–Bettman

Peace sign A hippie gestures the peace sign while standing in a meadow. Getty Images, Inc.–Taxi

Joan Baez and Bob Dylan At the Newport (Rhode Island) Jazz Festival in 1963, Joan Baez and Bob Dylan performed as folksingers who worked in the tradition of protest songs. Two years later in Newport, Dylan shocked the popular music world by replacing his acoustic instrument with an amplified guitar and backup and jump-starting a fruitful blending of folk, country, and rock music into radical new sounds. AP/Wide World Photos

Black Panther Party Some members of the Black Panther party raised funds to pay for the legal fees of those arrested and charged with various offenses, such as Bobby Seale and Ericka Huggins. The Panthers advocated a radical economic, social, and educational agenda that made the group the target of a determined campaign of suppression by the police and the FBI. Magnum Photos Inc.

MLK Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Corbis/Bettmann

Nixon and Elvis This is the single most requested item in the National Archives which contain, among other national treasures, originals of the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. President Nixon and Elvis Presley met at the singer’s request. He had volunteered to work in the administration’s anti-drug crusade. The president, looking for a way to reach out to young people, readily agreed. He appointed Presley a “deputy” in the anti-drug war. Presley was, at the time, addicted to a variety of uppers, downers, and other medications. [Photograph is in the public domain and available at the National Archives]

Kim Phuc, napalm victim, Viet Nam This Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph of 9-year-old Kim Phuc , center, running after an aerial napalm attack on her village in 1972 was taken by Associated Press photographer Nick Ut (Cong Ut). Kim suffered burns over 65% of her body. She survived and is now a peace activist. AP/Wide World Photos

Civilian Causalities in Vietnam A South Vietnamese farmer grieves over the bodies of his wife and son lying in a mud paddy after stepping on a land mine in the Tay Ninh Province.

Nixon's Cabinet President Richard Nixon confers with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, John Ehrlichman, and Harry Haldeman in the Oval Office.

Securing Deo Mang Pass U.S. Army troops from the 2nd Battalion, 502nd Infantry, 101st Airborne Division move away from a landing zone along a dirt road while securing Deo Mang Pass in 1965.

The Inauguration of Richard Nixon Richard and Pat Nixon stand before a crowd during the presidential inauguration ceremonies on January 20, 1969.

Vietnam An American soldier struggles through the thick jungle of the central highlands of Vietnam during a search-and-destroy mission.

Arthur Ashe While African American athletes in boxing, football, baseball, and basketball were common in the early 1970s, Arthur Ashe was one of the few African American tennis stars and a frequent champion.

Environmental worries, 1973 Sign on bridge near PPG plant near Ponce, Puerto Rico, protests air pollution.

President Nixon meets with China's Communist Party Leader, Mao Tse-Tung in 1971 President Richard Nixon visited The People's Republic of China in 1971, forever ending the ''sterile pretense that Communist China did not exist.''

Rand, West Virginia, 1973 President Johnson's ''War on Poverty'' could not bring hope to all Americans. In Rand, W.Va., most of the inhabitants were still living in abject poverty in the 1970s.

Voter registration drive, Chicago, 1973 African-Americans register to vote, while attending Black Expo, 1973. Chicago's annual exhibit of African-American talent, education, products and other aspects of black consciousness aimed to make blacks aware of both their heritage and capabilities.

Map 29-1  The War in Vietnam The United States attacked North Vietnam with air strikes but confined large-scale ground operations to South Vietnam and Cambodia. In South Vietnam, U.S. forces faced both North Vietnamese army units and Viet Cong rebels, all of whom received supplies by way of the so-called Ho Chi Minh Trail, named for the leader of North Vietnam. The coordinated attacks on cities and towns throughout South Vietnam during the Tet Offensive in 1968 surprised the United States.

The End of Consensus Deeper into Vietnam Voices of Dissent Search and Destroy Voices of Dissent Noam Chomsky Jane Fonda and Tom Hayden Selective Service System

New Left and Community Activism Students for a Democratic Society [SDS] Port Huron Statement, Tom Hayden Free Speech Movement [FSM], Mario Savio Model Cities Program Kern Council for Civic Unity, BC’s Duane Belcher, HEW Hearing, 1974 – Bakersfield City School District Minority Coalition, 1970s Kern County The Feminist Critique

Youth Culture and Counterculture Rock lyrics Sounds of Change Timothy Leary, Aldous Huxley Rock lyrics Sounds of Change Bob Dylan, Beatles, Jefferson Airplane, Joan Baez, Pete Seeger, Doors Jimi Hendrix, Beach Boys [1963 EB @ BC] Crosby/Stills/Nash/Young – Chicago, Ohio Communes and Cults Jim Jones in Guayana

Cities Under Stress Diagnosing an Urban Crisis Racial Rioting Minority Separatism Black Power Nation of Islam, Malcolm X Black Panthers, Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale George Jackson, Angela Davis American Indian Movement [AIM], Dennis Banks, Russell Means Suburban Independence: The Outer City Baker v. Carr, 1962 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 1971

The Year of the Gun The Tet Offensive, January 1968 LBJ’s Exit Red Spring 1968 Violence and Politics Martin Luther King Jr. killed April 4, 1968 Robert F. Kennedy, June 1968 in LA Yippies Chicago Democratic National Convention, 1968

Nixon and Watergate Getting Out of Vietnam, 1969-1973 Nixon Doctrine Herb Klein, San Diego Union, Press Secretary Nixon and the Wider World SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Détente Negative Income Tax Courting Middle America New Federalism

Oil, OPEC, and Stagflation Americans as Environmentalists Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies [OPEC] Americans as Environmentalists Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] Superfund From Dirty Tricks to Watergate Pentagon Papers, Daniel Ellsberg Dick Tut in Orange County, “The people have spoken, the b…….s” American Views: Grassroots Community Action The Ford Footnote Helsinki Accords

Jimmy Carter: Idealism & Frustration in the White House Carter, Energy and the Economy Closed Factories and Failing Farms Building a Cooperative World Camp David Agreement, 1978 Begin and Sadat New Crises Abroad

Chronology