Becoming a World Power American Imperialism (1877-1917) Cartoon: http://fineartamerica.com/featured/william-mckinley-cartoon-granger.html American Imperialism (1877-1917)

Questioning the Causes Why would the United States choose to enter the competition for foreign lands and markets? George Washington’s Warning “entangling alliances” Early Departures: Monroe Doctrine Perry in Japan (1853) Causes of US Imperialism: Economic Industrialization, Competition, Need for Markets Desire for world power? Cartoon: http://842673398711461099.weebly.com/5th-page-of-directions-editorial-cartoons-imperialism-and-social-justice.html

Essential Question To what extent was the late nineteenth-century and early twentieth century United States expansionism a continuation of past United States expansionism and to what extent was it a departure? Cartoon 1:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:10kMiles.JPG Cartoon 2 (Synthesis?): http://lol-rofl.com/manifest-destiny-political-cartoon/

Imperialism: Pros & Cons For Imperialism Anti-Imperialism Economic Growth Markets Investments (banana republics) Promote Security Expand Navy - Naval Advisory Board 1881 Preserve American Spirit Henry Cabot Lodge, Theodore Roosevelt Social Darwinism Economic Expansion  Regional Tension  War Building Navy = European Model  War US should not be potential leaders of oppressed foreign peoples Parallel to treatment of American Indians Manifestations William Jennings Bryan Anti-Imperialist League (1898) Before revealing lists engage class in T/P/S (Think-Pair-Share) to brainstorm arguments on each side.

William H. Seward Secretary of State (1861-1869) Annexations and Purchases Nicaragua Midway (1867) “Seward’s Folly” (1867) $7.2 million Lasting Influence Kept England & France out of Civil War Invoked Monroe Doctrine against Napoleon III in Mexico Inspired trade treaty w/Hawaii (1875) http://odysseythroughhistory.com/2014/04/26/the-crimean-war-and-sewards-folly/

The “New” Imperialism International Darwinism Imperialism Missionaries “White Man’s Burden” Missionaries Josiah Strong Politicians Henry Cabot Lodge Naval Power The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (Alfred T. Mahan, 1890) Impact of Asst. Sec. of Navy (Roosevelt) Popular Press Sensationalist journalism http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:White_mans_burden_the_journal_detroit.JPG

Latin America Chile Brazil Venezuela Cuba Blaine and the Pan-American Conference (1889) Hemispheric cooperation Tariff/trade policies Cleveland, Olney, and the Monroe Doctrine Chile Attack @ Valparaiso Brazil Troops end rebellion Venezuela (1895) Dispute w/British Guiana Olney Declaration Led to US-British alliance Spain in Cuba http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1895 From Prior Pageant PPT: 1891 Chilean mob kills US soldier on shore of Valparaiso. Government demands payment for families of the deceased. In Brazil 1893 a rebellion threatened the republican gov’t. Cleveland sends in troops to protect US shipping interests, rebellion ends. Great Britain had a long-standing border dispute with Venezuela over British Guiana, it intensified when mineral deposits were discovered in the region. Secretary of State Richard Olney (under Cleveland) intervened and told Britain they must solve through arbitration. Eventually, GB backed down. In Cuba, a rebellion threatened the Spanish government. Spain sent their best general: Valeriano Weyler, to put down the rebellion. He instituted a concentration camp policy that placed over 200,000 men, women, and children under the control of the Spanish army. Chile Valparaiso attack on American soldiers Killed 2, injured 17 (Chile to pay $75,000) Brazil Cleveland stops rebellion Venezuela 1895 Olney declaration - Britain should recognize Monroe Doctrine - arbitration (settle manner by panel) Cuba Spain sends 150,000 troops to stop rebellion “reconcentration” - Cubans thrown in guarded camps Disease and starvation kill 200,000 Cleveland and McKinley refuse to intervene Cuban guerrillas began destroying US sugar plantations

The Spanish-American War Causes of War Jingoism Desire to become world power Cuban Revolt “The Butcher” Weyler Yellow Journalism Pulitzer vs. Hearst Evangelina Cisneros The DeLôme Letter The USS Maine http://www.steelnavy.com/Combrig1898Maine.htm

McKinley’s Messages Attempts at Peace/Ultimatum to Spain: compensation for Maine end reconcentration camps. truce in Cuba independent Cuba Spain accepts all except last stipulation McKinley Goes to Congress “Put an end to the barbarities, bloodshed, starvation, and horrible miseries: in Cuba Protect the lives and property of U.S. citizens living in Cuba End “the very serious injury to the commerce, trade, and business of our people” End “the constant menace to our peace” arising from disorder in Cuba Response: The Teller Amendment Self-determination for Cuba http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish–American_War – Interpretation: “Keep the island so it won’t get lost”

A “Splendid Little War” The Philippines (May 1-August 13, 1898) Long to Dewey to Gridley “fire when you are ready” Spanish fleet destroyed Manila captured Invasion of Cuba The Rough Riders on San Juan Hill Remainder of Spanish fleet destroyed @ Santiago Bay (July 3) http://fineartamerica.com/featured/tr-and-the-rough-riders-war-is-hell-store.html

Results of the War Treaty of Paris, 1898 The Philippine Question Recognition of Cuban independence U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam U.S. acquisition of the Philippines for $20 million The Philippine Question Aguinaldo and the Independence Movement War w/U.S. (1899-1902) Over 200,000 Filipinos killed Independence not granted until 1946 (!) http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/filamwarbreaksout.htm

Impact of the War Insular Cases (1901-1904) Cuba Annexation of Hawaii Question before the Court: “Does the Constitution follow the flag?” Cuba Platt Amendment No foreign agreements Allow for US intervention Allow US naval bases (Guantanamo) Annexation of Hawaii Sanford P. Dole & Liliuokalani (1893) Cleveland against annexation McKinley & Congress annex (1898) Puerto Rico Foraker Act (1900) Election of 1900 McKinley vs. Bryan Recognition of U.S. Power Ensuing debate over role Foraker: removed military http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/The_Administration's_Promises_Have_Been_Kept.jpg

Open Door Policy in China History of Europeans in China: Opium Wars Spheres of Influence John Hay’s “Open Door” (1899) Boxer Rebellion (1900) Cause: increased xenophobia and desire to remove outsiders Impact: further weakening of imperial regime Open Door Notes (1900) Preserve China’s territorial integrity Safeguard “equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese empire.” http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg/761px-China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg

“Speak softly and carry a big stick.” McKinley’s Assassination (1901) TR becomes youngest President in history The Panama Canal Revolution Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) Building the Canal Establishment of Canal Zone The Roosevelt Corollary (1904) Result of British involvement in Venezuela The “Great White Fleet” Expansion of Navy & World Tour http://todayinsocialsciences.blogspot.com/2013/04/some-cartoons-about-monroe-doctrine-and.html http://bwcups13.blogspot.com/2013/04/speak-softly-and-carry-big-stick.html

Image Analysis -- CCOT What impact did the Roosevelt Corollary have on the Monroe Doctrine and the United States’ role in world affairs? The cartoon title is “The World’s Constable,” what is meant by this? Explain ways in which the message of this cartoon is still true today. http://bwcups13.blogspot.com/2013/04/speak-softly-and-carry-big-stick.html

Imperialism & Peace in East Asia Russo-Japanese War (1904) Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) Manchurian negotiations “Gentlemen’s Agreement” (1908) Restrict Japanese immigration Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) Mutual respect and support for Open Door policy http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/toonsbytopicnobelpeaceprize.html

William H. Taft’s Foreign Policy Dollar Diplomacy Investments would lead to greater stability Railroads in China (1911) Issues w/Manchuria Nicaragua Marines sent to quell civil war (1912) The Lodge Corollary (1912) Added non-European nations (Asia) to Monroe Doctrine Taft opposed http://elections.harpweek.com/1908/cartoon-1908-Medium.asp?UniqueID=60&Year=

Woodrow Wilson and Foreign Affairs Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy Spread democracy Sec. of State: WJB The Philippines Jones Act (1916) Full territorial status Bill of rights & universal male suffrage Independence w/arrival of stable gov’t Puerto Rico Jones-Shafroth Act (1917) Panama Canal Repealed US toll exemption Conciliation Treaties Intervention Mexico Tampico Incident (1914) Huerta vs. Carranza & Villa U.S. Expeditionary Force (Pershing) J-S: Citizenship for PR Cartoon: https://historyrat.wordpress.com

Image Analysis: Synthesis & CCOT Remind students of essential question and analyze ways in which to answer the prompt using only this image. Brainstorm possible evidence. Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:School_Begins_1-25-1899.JPG – Use this link to get the full-size image, it’s worth it to look at the blackboard and school books. Description: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2012647459/