  Who is came up with the Heliocentric Theory?  Who proved the Heliocentric theory to be true but later recanted his statement? Bell Ringer

  Scientific Method and Scientific Thinkers  Reading: Age of Enlightenment  The eight Enlightened thinkers  Class Activity Agenda

  Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.  Begins with a problem or question arising from an observation.  Next a hypothesis is formed.  Next hypothesis is tested.  Analyze and interpret the data – confirms or disproves theory. Scientific Method:

  How do we use the scientific method in our everyday life without even realizing it? Scientific Method

  English Politician and writer.  Attacked medieval scholars for relying on Aristotle and ancient thinkers.  Urged scientist to experiment and observe the world around them and then draw conclusions.  Idea known as Empiricism or Experimental Method. Francis Bacon

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  Analytical Geometry – linked algebra and geometry.  People needed to reject old ideas  Everything should be doubted until proved by reason.  “I think therefore I am”  General laws can be expressed mathematically. Rene Descartes

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  What law did he form?  Law of Universal Gravitation:  - Every object in the universe attracts every other object. Degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them.  1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy – one of the most important scientific books ever written.  Invented Calculus and many of his theories are still used today. Isaac Newton

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  Zacharias Janssen – (Dutch) First Microscope in  Anton Van Leeuwehoek used it to discover bacteria.  Evangelista Torricelli- First Mercury barometer in  - Tool used for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather. Scientist develop new instruments

 First Microscope

 Bacteria

 First Mercury barometer

  Gabriel Fahrenheit- (Dutch) First thermometer using mercury in  - showed water freezing at 32 degrees.  Anders Celsius –(Swedish) Created another scale, showing freezing at 0 degrees. Scientist develop new instruments

 First thermometer using mercury

 Anders Celsisus

  What is the scientific method? Bell Ringer

  Middle ages:  Galen dissected pigs and assumed human bodies were much of the same.  Andreas Vesalius – dissected human corpses and published his observations.  On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543)  Detailed drawings of human organs, bones, and muscle. Medicine and Human Body

  Andreas Vesalius

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  William Harvey:  English Doctor  On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals – 1628  Showed Heart acted as a pump to circulate blood.  Described the function of blood vessels. Medicine and Human Body

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  Edward Jenner introduced a small pox vaccine in 1700s.  Used cow pox to inoculate people which was a milder disease. Medicine and Human Body

  Robert Boyle – founder of modern chemistry.  The Sceptical Chymist  Challenged Aristotle’s idea that the physical world consisted of four elements – earth, air, fire, and water.  Boyle’s law – explains how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other. Discoveries in Chemistry

  Ch. 18 Focus Questions Homework