Cell Reproduction Intro 1) What do you know about DNA, Genes and Chromosomes? 2) What do you want to learn about DNA, Genes and Chromosomes?

1/29/14 Find your new seats! Bellringer: Cell Reproduction Intro Chromosome Notes HW: Karyotype Worksheet due Tomorrow

Chromosomes!!!

Introduction to Chromosomes All of a cell’s DNA is called its “genome” This genome contains all of the instructions for cell/organism survival and function A typical human cell has about 3 meters of DNA DNA is packaged into chromosomes

Chromosomes PROKARYOTIC Chromosomes are simple circles/clumps of DNA

Chromosomes EUKARYOITC Chromosomes are very complex The whole chromosome is made of DNA coiled around proteins called histones

Chromosomes Homologous Chromosomes: The pairs of chromosomes that exist in sexually reproducing species In each pair of h. chromosomes one chromosome comes from each parent They are each called autosomes, and are identical (except X and Y, the sex chromosomes)

Homologous Chromosomes  Homologous chromosomes contain genes for the same traits  Gene: A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait  Ex: Hair color

Homologous Chromosomes Before a cell divides, the chromosomes copy themselves The two copies are called chromatids (or sister chromatids), and are attached to one another by a centromere

aA A A aa Alleles are different forms of the same gene replication

1 chromosome

Karyotype A picture of all the chromosomes. It is used to look for abnormalities

Revisit Goals 1) Find 1-2 goals that you did not meet (or are off-track) …Explain why you didn’t reach these goals 2) Find 1-2 goals that you did meet (or are on-track) …Explain why you did reach these goals 3) Make at least 6 second semester goals on your goal sheet (measurable) 2+ Academic 2+ Personal Improvement 2+ Work/Family/Relationships/Clubs

1/30/14 Bellringer: Goals HW: New Goals Chromosome Notes (Chromosomal Disorders) Go over karytype WS Introduce Chromosomal Disorders Brochure Straight to the Library tomorrow

Chromosome Number Number varies by species The number of chromosomes in a SOMATIC CELL (normal body cells) in an organism is known as the DIPLOID/2N number GAMETES (sex cells, sperm/eggs) contain only half the number of chromosomes and are known as the HAPLOID/N number

Complexity Rankings Rank the below organisms from least to most complex Humans, Crabs, Potato, Camels, Squirrels, Chickens, Fruit flies, Tomato Explain the reason behind your rankings.

DIPLOID # OF CHROMOSOMES BY SPECIES: CAMEL = 70 SQUIRREL = 40 CHICKEN = 78 KING CRAB = 208 FRUIT FLY = 8 TOMATO = 24 POTATO = 48 HUMAN = 46

Human Chromosome Number Human Haploid (N) Number: 23 Human Diploid (2N) Number: 46 A human must have all 46 chromosomes to function “properly” In most cases, humans missing even one chromosome don’t survive development Monosomy: missing a chromosome Trisomy: having an extra chromosome

Nondisjunction: when homologous pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate

Down’s syndrome: (trisomy 21) 3 copies of the 21’st chromosome

 Cri-du-chat: deletion at the 5 th pair  Klinefelter:Extra X chromosome

Goals: Review Goals and Make new ones…

1/31/14 Bellringer: Goals Go Straight to LIBRARY Work on Karyotype Worksheet and Brochure…

Bellringer Define the word “cycle”. What is the cell cycle? If you don’t know, what would you guess it includes? Are all cell cycles the same?

2/3/14 Objective: To introduce the cell cycle Bellringer: “Cycle” Cell Cycle Notes Homework: Chromosome WS

Cell Division

Cells divide in order to repair or replace cells that die Also create new cells in development of a multicellular organism that begins as a zygote

Cell Cycle Cell Cycle: The life cycle of the cell, from division to division of a cell 5 Stages of the Cell Cycle: 1. G1: Growth phase of the cell 2. S: DNA is copied 3. G2: Prep for mitosis, and organelles are copied 4. M: Mitosis occurs, nucleus divides 5. C: Cytokinesis, cell/cytoplasm divides Interphase

MOST OF A CELLS LIFE IS SPENT IN INTERPHASE

What Triggers Cell Division? Size: If a cell grows so large that there is too much volume for its surface area, it will divide Growth factors: Chemicals released by cells that encourage other cells to divide

Cell Division There are 2 types of cell division MITOSIS: Produces identical cells Occurs in body cells Makes diploid cells

2 Types of Cell Division MEIOSIS: Produces sex cells (gametes) Occurs in cells of the sex organs Makes haploid cells

Bellringer Define cell cycle We know cellular division is part of the cell cycle. Name one thing that you think happens during cell division.

2/4/14 Bellringer: Cell Cycle Turn in Chromosome Worksheet Onion Cell Pre-lab (due Friday)

Bellringer….

2/5/14 Bellringer: ????? Computer Lab Activity

These are the stages of mitosis. Put them in order, and have a rational for why (you don’t need to write it, but I will ask.) A ED CB

2/6/14 Bellringer: Stages of Mitosis MITOSIS NOTES Homework: Finish Pre-Lab (I’ll explain later)

Stages of Mitosis Stage 1:Prophase Chromosomes appear Nuclear envelope breaks down Spindle fibers appear Spindle fibers are protein ropes that help pull chromosomes apart

Late prophase – you can see the spindle fibers

Stages of Mitosis Stage 2: Metaphase Meta means “middle” Spindle fibers line up chromosomes on the equator They attach to the centromeres

Metaphase

Stages of Mitosis Stage 3: Anaphase Sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers Each chromatid (now a chromosome) moves to opposite poles (centrioles)

Stages of Mitosis Stage 4: Telophase Chromosomes uncoil on separate sides of the cell New nuclear envelope appears

Cytokinesis: After Mitosis Cytokinesis: Cell membrane grows in to enclose both cells; cytoplasm divides In plants, a new cell wall must form

Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells which are diploid

Mitosis in Onion Root

These are the stages of mitosis. Put them in order, and have a rational for why (you don’t need to write it, but I will ask.) A ED CB

Mitosis overview

Homework Somewhere on the pre-lab from yesterday, do the following: Label each cell drawing 1-9 as interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis You don’t have to use every phase

Bellringer Define Mitosis Define chromosome What kind of cells did we look at in the lab from the last few days?

2/7/14 Bellringer: Definitions Onion Lab Homework: Lab due Monday

Mitosis in Onion Root

Bellringer Define haploid and diploid Why do we want our sex cells (sperm and eggs) to be haploid?

2/10/14 Bellringer: No Bellringers This week…. Agenda: Discuss week Notes on meiosis

Sub all week.. Tuesday: Work on Flipbook Wednesday: No School (Lincoln) Thursday: Cancer Article / Questions Friday: Meiosis/Mitosis Worksheet & Study Guide* *I’m back Monday, exam is Tuesday

Meiosis Meiosis is a special kind of cell division that produces our gametes (sex cells, sperm and egg) Occurs in testes and ovaries 1 diploid cell(2n) → 4 haploid cells (n)

Fertilization creates a zygote and restores the diploid condition Egg (n) + sperm (n) →→ Zygote (2n)

Meiosis Overview There are 2 cell divisions in Meiosis: 1. Meiosis I: DNA replicates, and homologous chromosomes are separated 1. Same amount of DNA is started with 2. Meiosis II: Same steps as mitosis, but without DNA being replicated beforehand Sister chromatids are separated

Meiosis

Crossing Over During Meiosis 1, Homologous pairs form their sister chromatids The two pairs of chromatids line up together in what is called a tetrad. When they do this, crossing-over occurs Homologs swap small pieces of genetic info

Independent Assortment Independent assortment: mom’s chromosomes don’t always go to same side nor do dad’s Crossing over and Independent Assortment leads to greater genetic diversity, which is good for populations!!!

Bellringer “If children have the ability to ignore all odds and percentages, then maybe we can all learn from them. When you think about it, what other choice is there but to hope? We have two options, medically and emotionally: give up, or Fight Like Hell.” What triggers cells to divide/start mitosis? What could trigger them to stop? What do you know about cancer? Do you know someone who has had it?

Agenda Objective: To discuss cancer Agenda: Bellringer/Discussion Notes Grade WS Assign Mitosis Wheel and Practice Homework: WS due Tomorrow Wheel due Monday

What Stops Cell Division? Density-dependent inhibition: Cells stop dividing when crowded Cancer cells do not respond to normal cell cycle regulation

Tumors Tumor cells are the result of uncontrolled cell division (they are a big “lump” of cells) Benign tumors: non-harmful Malignant tumors: harmful Cancer kills because a tumor makes some essential part (lung, heart, etc…) stop working right

Tumors

Malignant Tumors Cells divide without control and can invade other tissues (metastasize). Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems.lymph

Cancer Types Carcinoma: begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma: begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, etc Leukemia: starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow Lymphoma and myeloma: begin in the cells of the immune system.immune system Central nervous system cancers: begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord

Lung Cancer Cancerous LungHealthy Lung

Skin Cancer

Detection

Treatments Chemotherapy Radiation treatment Surgical removal of tumors Immunotherapy Blood and marrow transplant ** There is NO cure for cancer **

Bellringer What components need to be in your psych lab report? What are the characteristics of a good materials section? What are the characteristics of a good procedure? What formatting applies?

Bellringer What would you guess is the most common form of cancer? What do you think is the most lethal spot for cancer?

Agenda Objective: To talk a bit more about cancer, and begin reviewing Agenda: Bellringer/Discussion Talk cancer rates Grade Mitosis WS Assign Practice WS and wheel Homework: Wheel due Monday, WS due tomorrow

Common Forms of Cancer

Self Checks All: CHECK YOURSELF! Colonoscopy once every 10 years after turning Women: Monthly breast self-exam once you start menstruating Yearly gynecology visits for pelvic exam and pap smear after the age of 21 Men: Monthly testicular exam at age 14

Bellringer Get out your study guide. What areas are you most concerned about? What areas are you least concerned about?

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis Determine whether the following characteristics apply to mitosis, meiosis, or both, by putting a check in the appropriate column. Advice: be consistent in your answers! MitosisMeiosis 1.no pairing of homologous chromosomes1. _____________ 2.two divisions2. _____________ 3.four daughter cells are produced3. _____________ 4.associated with growth and a-sexual reproduction4. _____________ 5.associated with sexual reproduction5. _____________ 6.one division6. _____________ 7.two daughter cells are produced7. _____________ 8.involves duplication of chromosomes8. _____________ 9.chromosome number is maintained9. _____________ 10.crossing over between homologous chromosomes may occur 10._____________ 11.chromosome number is reduced to half11._____________ 12.daughter cells are identical to parent cell12._____________ 13.daughter cells are not identical to parent cell13._____________ 14.produces gametes14._____________ 15.synapsis occurs in prophase15._____________. A.B.C. N (haploid):______ Body cell: ______ Gamete cell: ______ N (haploid):______ Body cell: ______ Gamete cell: ______ N (haploid):______ Body cell: ______ Gamete cell: ______ Chromosome numbers The three figures describe chromosomes of three different organisms. For each one - What is the haploid number (N) of chromosomes? How many chromosome would you find in a regular body cell? How many in an egg or in a sperm cell?