1. TEST REVIEW Chapter 12, 13

2. What are the stages of the CELL cycle and what happens in each? G1: gap period, cell makes proteins and organelles, grows in size S: DNA synthesis; DNA replication occurs G2: gap period 2; metabolic activity occurs, cell gets ready to divide M: Mitotic phase  Includes mitosis: cells divide into 2  And cytokinesis: cytoplasm is divided into 2

3. How do prokaryotic cells reproduce? By binary fission

4. What structures contain DNA? chromsomes

5. Tell me 2 things about asexual reproduction. Only one parent Genetically identical offspring Occurs rapidly How bacteria and prokaryotes reproduce

6. What is the longest phase of mitosis? Interphase

7. When are chromosomes replicated? Interphase S phase

8. What are the fibers containing DNA and proteins called? Chromatin

9. What holds sister chromatids together? Centromeres

10. List the 5 stages of mitosis. PPMAT Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

11. When do chromosomes become visible? Prophase

12. When do cells elongate and new nuclei form? telophase

13. When do chromosomes line up in the middle? metaphase

14. When do chromosomes begin to separate? anaphase

15. How do animal cells do cytokinesis? With cleavage furrows

16. How do plant cells do cytokinesis? With cell plates Vesicles containing cellulose form them

17. How many daughter cells are made in mitosis? 2

18. How many daughter cells are made in meiosis? 4

19. How many pairs of chromosomes in human body cells? 23 pairs, 46 total

20. Name some diploid cells. Skin, muscle, blood, body cells 2n 23 pairs of chromosomes Somatic cells Zygotes

21. Name some haploid cells. Egg, sperm n 23 chromosomes Gametes

22. How many cell divisions in meiosis? 2

23. What is a gamete? Sex cells Egg or sperm Haploid n Made by meiosis

24. When does crossing over occur? Prophase I

25. Why is crossing over important? Genetic diversity, health of populations

26. Where does meiosis occur? In the ovaries and testes

27. What is a karyotype Magnified picture of all our chromosomes lined up in pairs

28. What are somatic cells? Body cells 2n diploid

29. Telophase is the opposite of what phase? prophase

30. What are some functions of mitosis? Growth, repair, development, asexual reproduction

31. What is meiosis? How we make gametes (egg and sperm)

32. Are somatic cells diploid or haploid? diploid

33. Are sex cells diploid or haploid? haploid

34. Reproduction with one parent is… Asexual reproduction

35. What is a zygote? A fertilized egg Diploid 2n

36. What causes down syndrome? Trisomy 21 3 chromosomes #21 instead of 2

37. What is a deletion? When part of the chromosome gets erased during cell divison

38. What comes before mitosis and meiosis? Interphase

39. What is a benign tumor? One that doesn’t spread throughout the body

40. What are the two halves of duplicated chromosomes called? Sister chromatids

41. What is division of the cytoplasm called? Cytokinesis

42. How is anaphase of mitosis different than anaphase I? Sister chromatids, not chromosomes, separate

43. What kinds of chromosomes do sperm have? 22 autosomes 1 sex chromosome, either X or Y They are haploid

44. How is the cell cycle of cancer cells different? It’s shorter and faster Mitosis happens more

45. What does meiosis make? Haploid cells Egg and sperm Gametes Genetically different from each other and the parent cells

46. When does a cell plate form? Telophase

47. Draw: anaphase, anaphase I, anaphase II

48. A body cell has 24 chromosomes. Therefore, a sperm from this would have ____. 12

49. Homologous chromosomes move towards opposite poles during what? Anaphase I

50. Is a zygote haploid or diploid? diploid

51. Is a sperm haploid or diploid? haploid

52. At the end of Meiosis I, how many daughter cells are there? 2

53. A fly has 8 chromosomes. After mitosis, how many does each new cell have? 8

54. Does mitosis or meiosis make identical cells? Mitosis

55. Is a somatic cell haploid or diploid? Diploid

56. When do chromosomes replicate? S

57. When does the nuclear membrane break up and microtubules move into place? prometaphase

58. What forms the cell plate Vesicles With cellulose inside

59. What is a zygote? The union of a sperm and an egg Happens at fertilization Is diploid, 2n

60. Where does meiosis occur? In ovaries and testes

61. What is a chromatid? A replicated chromosome

62. What is chromatin? DNA and proteins

63. If there are 10 chromatids in the cell, how many centromeres are there? 5

64. What is a karyotype? A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell, lined up by size and shape

65. How much chromosomes and DNA do cells after meiosis have compared to parent cells Half as many chromosomes ¼ the amount of DNA

66. What is a tetrad? Two sets of sister chromatids that have synapsed (joined)