THE MIDDLE AGES Europe AD

PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 After fall of Rome, chaos ensues- wars, no trade, signs of advanced civilization disappear in Europe High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Conditions improve as Monarchs provide security / economic growth- begin to build nations Late Middle Ages: Progressive thinking eventually leads to increased democracy, technology, science, etc… Renaissance, Reformation

Europe in the 6c

Charlemagne: 742 to 814 Frankish King c. 800 AD Clovis had already allied with Franks Roman Catholic Church Unites Present day France, Germany, N. Italy into empire Works with church- spreads Christianity throughout W.Europe Values education= schools, textbooks, etc Sets up strong gov’t = model for future kings

Charlemagne’s Empire

Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800 Christian Pope crowns King successor to Roman Emperor Revives ideal of united Christian community Widens split between E / W Christians Power struggles in future- who’s in charge- king or pope? State or church?

FeudalismFeudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle Lord= Landowner Fief= Land Knight= Mounted Warrior (owes lord) Vassal= pledge loyalty to lord in return for landholdings Chivalry= Knights code of conduct Page= Young boy training to be knight (start at 7) Squire= Apprentice of knight

Parts of a Medieval Castle

The Road to Knighthood KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE

Life on the Medieval Manor Manor = Estate Serf= Peasant, bound to land Slave= Peasant, property of lord Peasant= Work for lord in exchange for protection, place to live, and food

The Medieval Catholic Church  filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.  monasticism:  St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.  provided schools for the children of the upper class.  inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.  libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.  monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

The Power of the Medieval Church  bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.  the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.  tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40 days a year for combat.  curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition  tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.

William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry) William “Duke of Normandy”- Brings knights from France and becomes King Of England

Evolution of England’s Political System  Henry I:  William’s son.  set up a court system.  Dept. of royal finances.  Henry II:  established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.  grand jury.  trial by jury.

Magna Carta, 1215  King John I  “Great Charter”  monarchs were not above the law.  kings had to consult a council of advisors.  kings could not tax arbitrarily.  Legal rights of individuals protected

The Beginnings of the British Parliament  Great Council:  middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.  eventually called Parliament. (parler = “to talk”)- given power to tax (power over monarch)  by 1400, two chambers evolved: o House of Lords  nobles & clergy. o House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

The Rise of European Monarchies: France

Muslims vs Christians Battle of Tours 732- Christians win and remain in control of W. EuropeBattle of Tours 732- Christians win and remain in control of W. Europe Muslim Turks take control of Palestine / Jerusalem - “Holy Land”Muslim Turks take control of Palestine / Jerusalem - “Holy Land” Leads to European Christian “Crusades” to recapture landLeads to European Christian “Crusades” to recapture land Turks conquer Constantinople – 1453– Why was this an important event? Renamed “Istanbul”- new capital of Ottoman Empire

THE CRUSADES -Catholic Church = only religious group in Europe -Pope = head of Catholic Church -services/Bible in Latin -most don’t speak Latin -church speaks for God -heresy = going against the church -it can be punished by death

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade 1095 Calls on Europeans to join Christian crusade to recapture Palestine, Jerusalem from Muslims 200 years of religious wars ensue- Christians vs. Muslims 1099 Christians capture Jerusalem, massacre Jews, Muslims Within 100 years, Muslims regain land- bloody religious war goes on Leaves legacy of mistrust, hatred

Why Would People Join the Crusades? Why Would People Join the Crusades? Pope promises trip to heaven for dieing in the name of GodPope promises trip to heaven for dieing in the name of God Pope promises forgiveness of all sinsPope promises forgiveness of all sins Glory and AdventureGlory and Adventure Get out of jail / relief of debtGet out of jail / relief of debt

Christian Crusades: East and West

Outcomes of Crusades -European Christians fight Muslims for 200 years - Muslims win, control Holy Land Increased trade between Asia and Europe- Crusaders introduced to new goods and technology Classical ideas reintroduced to Western Europeans- literature, art of Greco-Roman civilization

Crusades Writing Assignment You are a Crusader having just achieved victory on the First Crusade. Write a letter back home to tell your family about the experience. Include:You are a Crusader having just achieved victory on the First Crusade. Write a letter back home to tell your family about the experience. Include: –How you heard about it –Why you decided to go –Details of the journey –What happened in Jerusalem –What you will do next- are you coming back home or staying? –Predictions for the future- what does the future hold for Jerusalem?

Medieval Universities EDUCATION Church and Gov’t need educated people Political and economic conditions improving Mostly wealthy sons go to university

Oxford University

Late Medieval Town Dwellings

Medieval Trade

Medieval Economy Improves   Commercial Revolution:  Merchants join together- pool funds= bigger business, more $ (corporations)  Insurance- owners look to protect shipments, investments  Banks hold money- doesn’t have to be carried on trade route

By the end of the Middle Ages –Centralized governments are leading to stronger nations –Trade is leading to increased economic opportunities, greater availability of goods, and the spread of technology –Religion has become a dominant force in everyday life –The struggle between secular and religious leaders for power has not been settled

REVIEW Trace Progress of: Government Economics

REVIEW List 4 geographic advantages of Europe that helped them prosper Name 2 examples of religious conflict and there impacts What factors led to the Black Death and how did it spread?

REVIEW List 3 important people and explain their impacts on EuropeList 3 important people and explain their impacts on Europe List 3 important creations, ideas, or inventions from the time and explain why they were importantList 3 important creations, ideas, or inventions from the time and explain why they were important