What makes us smart? Or not so smart? Intelligence What makes us smart? Or not so smart?

Top 10 facts about IQ School attendance correlates with IQ IQ is not influenced by birth order IQ is related to breast feeding IQ varies by birth date IQ evens out with age Intelligence is plural not singular IQ is correlated with head size Intelligence scores are predictive of real-world outcomes IQ is going up IQ may be related to the school cafeteria menu!

Intelligence Intelligence – a mental ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. Socially constructed – Example: According to this definition, are both Einstein and Ruth intelligent?

Intelligence Tests Intelligence Test – a method of assessing mental aptitudes and comparing them with others Reification – converting something abstract into a material thing Example:

Theories of Intelligence g-intelligence (Spearman) Thurstone’s primary mental abilities Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence Sternberg’s Three Intelligences Emotional Intelligence

G factor (Spearman) General Intelligence (G) - a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks. measured with a single numerical score Example – Factor analysis – statistical procedure used to identify clusters of closely related test items. Used to assess whether intelligence is a single trait or a collection of several distinct abilities (G intelligence uses factor analysis)

Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities Thurstone challenged Spearman - identified 7 clusters of mental ability Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability inductive reasoning and memory Provides Later found that those who excelled in one of Thurstone's seven primary mental abilities also demonstrated high levels of competence in other abilities

Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences Gardner believed that there are 8 different types of intelligences. Linguistic Logical-mathematical Spatial Musical Body-kinesthetic Intrapersonal Interpersonal Naturalist Example

Triarchic Theory (Sternberg) Most commonly accepted theory today. Three types of intelligence Analytical - ability to analyze and evaluate ideas, solve problems and make decisions. Example: 2. Creative -  going beyond what is given to generate novel and interesting ideas 3. Practical - ability that individuals use to find the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.

EQ – Emotional Quotient Social Intelligence – the ability to comprehend social situations and managing yourself successfully Emotional Intelligence – ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions 4 components Criticism – stretches concept of intelligence too far

Think Pair Share Although Susan is a brilliant pianist and highly acclaimed ballet dancer, her high school intelligence test scores were only average. What does Susan's experience suggest regarding the nature of intelligence

Brain Size and Intelligence Is there a link? Head Size - +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores (relative to body size). Brain size - +.33 correlation Einstein’s Brian 15% larger in parietal lobe Math and spatial info .

Brain Size and Complexity Higher performing brains:

BBrain Function Neurological speed Perceptual Speed – + 3-+5 correlation Neurological speed Fast reaction on simple tasks ( )

Assessing Intelligence Frances Galton – Meaured muscular power, sensory acuity, and body proportions Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon mental age - what a person of a particular age should know. Example:

Stanford-Binet (Terman) Used Binet’s research to construct the modern day IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test. IQ = A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ? A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ? A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200, how old is he?

Problems with the IQ Formula If a 60 year old woman does as well as an average 29 year old then her IQ would be _______? Ok, ok…an average 35 year old? Then her IQ would be_________? Still makes no sense!!!!! It does not really work well on adults, why? Terman assigned a mental age of 20 for all adults to fix this problem

The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet IQ Scores Your score represents your performance relative to the average performance (ave = 100) of others the same age IQs less than 70 = mental disability. More than 130 = gifted

Table 6.2 Sample Items from the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, Form L–M The older the test taker is, the more the test requires in the way of verbal comprehension and fluency. Age Task 4 Fills in the missing word when asked, “Brother is a boy; sister is a .” Answers correctly when asked, “Why do we have houses?” 9 Answers correctly when examiner says, “In an old graveyard in Spain they have discovered a small skull which they believe to be that of Christopher Columbus when he was about 10 years old.” What is foolish about that? Examiner presents folded paper; child draws how it will look unfolded. 12 Completes “The streams are dry . . . there has been little rain.” Tells what is foolish about statements such as “Bill Jones’s feet are so big that he has to put his trousers on over his head.” Adult Can describe the difference between misery and poverty, character and reputation, laziness and idleness. Explains how to measure 3 pints of water with a 5-pint and a 2-pint can.

Wechsler Tests More common Does not use the formula but uses the same scoring system. WAIS WISC WPPSI

Modern Tests of Mental Abilities Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) consists of 11 verbal and performance subtests Assesses verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed scores, as well as an overall intelligence score Uses factor analysis A low or high score in one area can indicate a cognitive weakness or strength i.e. low verbal comprehension = reading disability WISC – tests Performance tests - Object assembly, picture arrangement, and block design, digit span, vocabulary

Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale

WISC

Aptitude v. Achievement Tests A test designed to Ability for a person to learn a new skill. Example: Achievement A test designed to assess what a person has Example:

Constructing Intelligence Tests Standardized - a person's test performance can be compared with that of a How would you standardize the AP Psych Exam?. Example: Reliable: Test-Retest, Split-halves Methods. Validity: Content, Predictive or Construct.

Normal Bell Curve Standardized tests form a normal distribution or bell curve Few people deviate extremely from the ave. more than 2 standard deviations from the mean Examples:

The Flynn Effect Performance on IQ scores has steadily over generations Environmental factors NOT genetics Reduction in malnutrition Access to schooling Technological advances To avoid:

Reliability Reliability - The extent which a test yields consistent results over time. Spilt halves - Ex. - test–retest How would you insure the AP Psych Exam is reliable using split halves? Using the test-retest method? Ex –

Validity Validity - the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. Content Validity: does the test Examples: AP test measures relevant psychology content by showing test items to psychology professors Unit 11 exam has few questions about Intelligence – no content validity Predictive Validity: does the test How would test whether the AP Psych exam is valid? AP test scores reflect similar college grades by giving the test to both high school and college students and comparing the scores to the college students grades

Think Pair Share Assume you are going to develop a new test to predict job success for aspiring novelists. Explain how you would attempt to accomplish each of the following in the new test: Content Validity Predictive Validity Standardization Reliability

Think Pare Share Assume you are going to develop a new test to predict job success for aspiring pilots. Define each of the following and explain how you would attempt to accomplish each of the following in the new test: Standardization Reliability Content Validity Predictive Validity

Intelligence Change Over Time Infant intelligence – indicator is preference for looking at By age 4 - a child’s IQ can predict By age 7 - intelligence scores begin to stabilize and consistency with age predictive validity of general aptitude tests as the educational experience of students Ex. Correlation lowest between Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid.

Fluid intelligence Fluid intelligence - Our ability to learn new things fast and abstractly Example:

Crystallized intelligence Crystallized intelligence - accumulated knowledge and verbal skills (increases with age Example:

Extremes of Intelligence Akrit Jaswal

The Low Extreme Intellectual disability – both a low test score and difficulty adapting to independent living Mental retardation Down syndrome – people born with an extra 21st chromosome Mainstreamed – regular and least restrictive classrooms

Classifications of Intellectual Disability Level Approximate Intelligence Scores Adaptation to Demands of Life Mild 50-70 May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills Moderate 35-50 May progress to second-grade level academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops Severe 20-35 May learn to talk and to perform simple tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training

Classifications of Intellectual Disability Level Approximate Intelligence Scores Adaptation to Demands of Life Mild 50-70 May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills Moderate 35-50 May progress to second-grade level academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops Severe 20-35 May learn to talk and to perform simple tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training Hanan, a 22-year-old, has an intellectual disability. Although not fully self-supporting, she earns some money by working in a sheltered workshop. She has been able to master basic skills equivalent to those of a second-grader. Hanan's intelligence test score is most likely between 50-69

Classifications of Intellectual Disability Level Approximate Intelligence Scores Adaptation to Demands of Life Mild 50-70 May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills Moderate 35-50 May progress to second-grade level academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops Severe 20-35 May learn to talk and to perform simple tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training anan, a 22-year-old, has an intellectual disability. Although not fully self-supporting, she earns some money by working in a sheltered workshop. She has been able to master basic skills equivalent to those of a second-grader. Hanan's intelligence test score is most likely between 35-50

Classifications of Intellectual Disability Level Approximate Intelligence Scores Adaptation to Demands of Life Mild 50-70 May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills Moderate 35-50 May progress to second-grade level academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops Severe 20-35 May learn to talk and to perform simple tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training

Classifications of Intellectual Disability Level Approximate Intelligence Scores Adaptation to Demands of Life Mild 50-70 May learn academic skills up to Adults may with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills Moderate 35-50 May progress to academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops Severe 20-35 May under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training Profound Below 25 Require The percentage of people diagnosed with an intellectual disability has increased over the past 80 years because intelligence tests have been restandardized

The High Extreme Terman’s study of gifted Self-fulfilling prophecy Children were Self-fulfilling prophecy can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy by Appropriate developmental placement Tracking students

Twin and Adoption Studies Genes and Environmental influences Identical twin studies scores more similar for identical twins raised apart than siblings or fraternal twins raised together scores more dissimilar for identical twins raised apart than together Polygenetic Trait- different chromosomal regions important to intelligence have been identified Adoptive children studies Over time adoptive children’s IQ ‘s become correlated with adoptive parents and more

Heritability Heritability – variation in intelligence scores attributed to genetic factors ( ) Example: Greatest in genetically individuals who have been raised in environments.

Correlation of Intelligence

Environmental Influences Early environmental influences Intellectual developmental delays Tutored human enrichment – trained caregivers to imitate babies’ babbling Mozart effect – Schooling and intelligence Project Head Start Reduces likelihood that students will

Ian and Nolan are identical twins who were adopted into different families shortly after birth. Use what you know about the stability of intelligence over time and the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to predict how similar Ian and Nolan's IQ scores will be at age 5 and age at 25. Students should explain that Ian and Nolan's IQ scores are most likely very similar at age 5 because twin studies indicate that the shared genetics of identical twins, even when raised in different environments, make it very likely that they will have similar IQ scores. Ian and Nolan's IQ scores are also probably very similar at age 25, because IQ scores tend to stabilize around age 5 and usually do not change drastically over time.

Gender Differences in Intelligence Test Scores Girls Spelling Verbal ability Nonverbal ability Sensation – taste touch, odor Emotion detecting ability Math and spatial aptitudes identical Boys Math problem solving Higher SAT Go into math fields Play chess Spatial abilities

Ethnic Differences in Intelligence Test Scores Similarities Infant intelligence Black and white babies are Differences Ave. intelligence scores Blacks – Whites – Math abilities Sweden/Iceland – Turkey/Korea – Asians outperform North American’s on

The Question of Bias Two meanings of bias Test-taker’s expectations Popular sense – biased if test performance is influenced by cultural experiences (i.e. biased against blacks) Scientific sense – biased if predictive validity is not same for all groups Test-taker’s expectations Stereotype threat - Perform worse if feel apprehensive because of stereotypes Feel you are evaluated based on a negative stereotype Example: women perform lower on math tests because they feel apprehensive about test bias toward men.