1. What makes us smart? Or not so smart?
Intelligence
What makes us smart?
Or not so smart?

2. Top 10 facts about IQ School attendance correlates with IQ
IQ is not influenced by birth order
IQ is related to breast feeding
IQ varies by birth date
IQ evens out with age
Intelligence is plural not singular
IQ is correlated with head size
Intelligence scores are predictive of real-world outcomes
IQ is going up
IQ may be related to the school cafeteria menu!

3. Intelligence
Intelligence – a mental ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
Socially constructed - defined according to the attributes that enable success in a culture
Example: problem solving that demonstrates school smarts
According to this definition, are both Einstein and Ruth intelligent?

4. Intelligence Tests
Intelligence Test – a method of assessing mental aptitudes and comparing them with others
Reification – converting something abstract into a material thing
Example: claiming I’m gifted because I have an IQ of 145

5. Theories of Intelligence
g-intelligence (Spearman)
Thurstone’s primary mental abilities
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
Sternberg’s Three Intelligences
Emotional Intelligence

6. G factor (Spearman)
General Intelligence (G) - a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks.
measured with a single numerical score
Example - People who score above ave. on math aptitude tests also score high on verbal aptitude
The Stanford-Binet, WAIS, and WISC
Factor analysis – statistical procedure used to identify clusters of closely related test items.
Used to assess whether intelligence is a single trait or a collection of several distinct abilities (G intelligence uses factor analysis)

7. Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities
Thurstone challenged Spearman - identified 7 clusters of mental ability
Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability inductive reasoning and memory
Provides evidence for g intelligence
Later found that those who excelled in one of Thurstone's seven primary mental abilities also demonstrated high levels of competence in other abilities

8. Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences
Gardner believed that there are 8 different types of intelligences.
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Body-kinesthetic
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Naturalist
Example
Savant Syndrome – a person who demonstrates an exceptional specific mental skill, but is otherwise limited in intellectual capability

9. Triarchic Theory (Sternberg)
Most commonly accepted theory today.
Three types of intelligence
Analytical - ability to analyze and evaluate ideas, solve problems and make decisions.
Example: A student who solve a math problem in record time
2. Creative -  going beyond what is given to generate novel and interesting ideas
Example: Writing a short story when given the title “The Octopus’s Sneakers”
3. Practical - ability that individuals use to find the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.
Example: Business woman who can write effectively, motivate people, delegate tasks and promote her career

10. EQ – Emotional Quotient
Social Intelligence – the ability to comprehend social situations and managing yourself successfully
Emotional Intelligence – ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions
4 components
Perceive emotions
Understand emotions
Manage emotions
Use emotions
Example: Someone who frequently looses their temper (not saying any names…)
Criticism – stretches concept of intelligence too far

11. Think Pair Share
Although Susan is a brilliant pianist and highly acclaimed ballet dancer, her high school intelligence test scores were only average. What does Susan's experience suggest regarding the nature of intelligence

12. Brain Size and Intelligence Is there a link?
Head Size correlation between head size and intelligence scores (relative to body size).
Brain size correlation
Einstein’s Brian
15% larger in parietal lobe
Math and spatial info .

13. Brain Size and Complexity
Higher performing brains:
use less glucose
have more synapses
Increased neural plasticity
more gray matter (cell body) in areas involved in memory attention language

15. BBrain Function Neurological speed
Perceptual Speed – take in perceptual images at greater speed
correlation
Neurological speed
Fast reaction on simple tasks (flash of light, beeped tone)
Retrieve info from memory at high speeds
*Precocious 12- to 14-year-old college students with unusually high levels of verbal intelligence are most likely to retrieve information from memory at an unusually rapid speed.
To learn whether intelligence is related to information-processing capacities, researchers have tested participants to determine how long it takes them to perceive briefly presented visual images
The speed with which people retrieve information from memory has been found to be a predictor of their verbal intelligence.

16. Assessing Intelligence
Frances Galton – intellectual superiority was inherited
Measured muscular power, sensory acuity, and body proportions
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
mental age - what a person of a particular age should know.
Wanted to eliminate teacher bias and help children, not label them.
Example: 10 year old with an intellectual performance of an 8 year old:
Mental Age = 8

17. Stanford-Binet (Terman)
Used Binet’s research to construct the modern day IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test.
IQ logical age X 100.
A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ?
A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ?
A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200, how old is he?

18. Problems with the IQ Formula
If a 60 year old woman
does as well as an average 29 year old
then her IQ would be _______?
Ok, ok…an average 35 year old?
Then her IQ would be_________?
Still makes no sense!!!!!
It does not really work well on adults, why?
Terman assigned a mental age of 20 for all adults to fix this problem

19. The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet IQ Scores
Your score represents your performance relative to the average performance (ave = 100) of others the same age
1 Standard deviation = ?
IQs less than 70 = mental disability. More than 130 = gifted

20. Table 6.2 Sample Items from the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, Form L–M
The older the test taker is, the more the test requires in the way of verbal comprehension and fluency.
Age Task
4 Fills in the missing word when asked, “Brother is a boy; sister is a .”
Answers correctly when asked, “Why do we have houses?”
9 Answers correctly when examiner says, “In an old graveyard in Spain they have discovered a small skull which they believe to be that of Christopher Columbus when he was about 10 years old.” What is foolish about that?
Examiner presents folded paper; child draws how it will look unfolded.
12 Completes “The streams are dry there has been little rain.”
Tells what is foolish about statements such as “Bill Jones’s feet are so big that he has to put his trousers on over his head.”
Adult Can describe the difference between misery and poverty, character and reputation, laziness and idleness.
Explains how to measure 3 pints of water with a 5-pint and a 2-pint can.

21. Wechsler Tests More common
Does not use the formula but uses the same scoring system.
WAIS
WISC
WPPSI

22. Modern Tests of Mental Abilities
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) consists of 11 verbal and performance subtests
Assesses Adult intelligence
verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed scores, as well as an overall intelligence score
Uses factor analysis
A low or high score in one area can indicate a cognitive weakness or strength
i.e. low verbal comprehension = reading disability
WISC – tests children’s intelligence
Performance tests - Object assembly, picture arrangement, and block design, digit span, vocabulary

23. Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale

24. WISC

25. Aptitude v. Achievement Tests
A test designed to predict a person’s future performance.
Ability for a person to learn a new skill.
Example:
Achievement
A test designed to assess what a person has learned (knowledge and skills)
Example:

26. Constructing Intelligence Tests
Standardized - a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group (that has established a mean for the test)
How would you standardize the AP Psych Exam?.
Example: Give AP exam questions to a representative sample of high school and college psychology students in order to be able to compare scores of test-takers to this standardization group
Reliable: Test-Retest, Split-halves Methods.
Validity: Content, Predictive or Construct.

27. Normal Bell Curve
Standardized tests form a normal distribution or bell curve
Few people deviate extremely from the ave.
more than 2 standard deviations from the mean
Examples:
Height, weight and intelligence (WISC, WAIS, Standford-Binet) scores all form a normal bell curve
AP Exam scores also fall on a normal curve – few students scoring 1 and 5, many students scoring 2, 3, 4

28. The Flynn Effect
Performance on IQ scores has steadily increased over generations
Environmental factors NOT genetics
Reduction in malnutrition
Access to schooling
Technological advances
To avoid: need up to date standardization samples

29. Reliability
Reliability - The extent which a test yields consistent results over time.
Spilt halves - administering 2 halves of the test items on a single test to two different groups and comparing scores
Ex. - giving even numbered questions to one group and odd numbers to another and comparing results
test–retest method – administering the test more than once to a standardization group
How would you insure the AP Psych Exam is reliable using split halves? Using the test-retest method?
Ex – Giving the AP Exam to the same group twice and comparing the results

30. Validity
Validity - the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
Content Validity: does the test sample the behavior of interest
Examples:
AP test measures relevant psychology content by showing test items to psychology professors
Unit 11 exam has few questions about Intelligence – no content validity
Predictive Validity: does the test predict future behavior.
Aptitude tests have stronger validity in early school years, but weaken in later school years. Why?
How would test whether the AP Psych exam is valid?
AP test scores reflect similar college grades by giving the test to both high school and college students and comparing the scores to the college students grades
IF AP midterm exam was compared to scores on AP Exam and did not have similar scores – no predictive validity

31. Think Pair Share
Assume you are going to develop a new test to predict job success for aspiring novelists. Explain how you would attempt to accomplish each of the following in the new test:
Content Validity
Predictive Validity
Standardization
Reliability

32. Think Pair Share
Assume you are going to develop a new test to predict job success for aspiring pilots. Define each of the following and explain how you would attempt to accomplish each of the following in the new test:
Standardization
Reliability
Content Validity
Predictive Validity

33. Intelligence Change Over Time
Infant intelligence – indicator is preference for looking at
By age 4 - a child’s IQ can predict adolescent IQ scores.
By age 7 - intelligence scores begin to stabilize and consistency increases with age
predictive validity of general aptitude tests decrease as the educational experience of students increases
Ex. Correlation lowest between GRE and graduate students
Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid.

34. What is fluid intelligence?
Our ability to learn new things fast and abstractly (decreases with age)

35. What is crystallized intelligence?
Old people intelligence - accumulated knowledge and verbal skills (increases with age

36. Extremes of Intelligence
Akrit Jaswal

37. The Low Extreme
Intellectual disability – both a low test score and difficulty adapting to independent living
Mental retardation
Down syndrome – people born with an extra 21st chromosome
Mainstreamed – regular and least restrictive classrooms

38. Classifications of Intellectual Disability
Level
Approximate Intelligence Scores
Adaptation to Demands of Life
Mild
50-70
May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills
Moderate
35-50
May progress to second-grade level academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops
Severe
20-35
May learn to talk and to perform simple tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training
Profound
Below 25
Require constant aid and supervision

39. The High Extreme Terman’s study of gifted Self-fulfilling prophecy
children were healthy, well adjusted, academically successful
Self-fulfilling prophecy
can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy by implicitly labeling some students as “ungifted” and isolating them from an enriched educational environment.
Appropriate developmental placement
Tracking students
widens the achievement gap between higher- and lower-ability groups.

40. Twin and Adoption Studies
Genes and Environmental influences
Identical twin studies
scores more similar for identical twins raised apart than siblings or fraternal twins raised together (genetic)
scores more dissimilar for identical twins raised apart than together (environmental)
Polygenetic Trait- different chromosomal regions important to intelligence have been identified
Adoptive children studies
Over time adoptive children’s IQ ‘s become less positively correlated with adoptive parents and more positively correlated with biological parents

41. Heritability
Heritability of Intelligence – the % of variation in intelligence within a group that is attributed to genetic factions (50%)
Example:
Greatest in genetically dissimilar individuals who have been raised in similar environments.

42. Correlation of Intelligence

43. Environmental Influences
Early environmental influences
Intellectual developmental delays
Tutored human enrichment – trained caregivers to imitate babies’ babbling
Mozart effect – now discounted finding that intelligence is boosted by listening to classical music
Schooling and intelligence
Project Head Start
Reduces likelihood that students will repeat grades or require special ed.

44. Ian and Nolan are identical twins who were adopted into different families shortly after birth. Use what you know about the stability of intelligence over time and the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to predict how similar Ian and Nolan's IQ scores will be at age 5 and age at 25.

45. Gender Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
Girls
Spelling
Verbal ability
Nonverbal ability
Sensation – taste touch, odor
Emotion detecting ability
Math and spatial aptitudes identical
Boys
Math problem solving
Higher SAT
Go into math fields
Play chess
Spatial abilities

46. Ethnic Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
Similarities
Infant intelligence
Black and white babies are similar
Differences
Ave. intelligence scores
Blacks – 85
Whites – 100
Math abilities
Sweden/Iceland – no gender gap
Turkey/Korea – large gender gap
Asians outperform North American’s on math and aptitude tests

47. The Question of Bias Two meanings of bias Test-taker’s expectations
Popular sense – biased if test performance is influenced by cultural experiences (i.e. biased against blacks)
Scientific sense – biased if predictive validity is not same for all groups
Test-taker’s expectations
Stereotype threat - Perform worse if feel apprehensive because of stereotypes
Feel you are evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Example: women perform lower on math tests because they feel apprehensive about test bias toward men.