Work and Parenthood in Sweden

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Presentation transcript:

Work and Parenthood in Sweden Ann-Zofie Duvander Stockholm University and Swedish Social Insurance Agency

Outline of presentation Parental insurance Child care New reforms Conclusion

Parental Benefit Introduced 1974 Goals: Combine family and working life Gender equality Children’s right to both parents

Pregnancy Benefit Parental Leave Benefit Temporary Parental Benefit Parental Insurance Pregnancy Benefit Parental Leave Benefit Temporary Parental Benefit Den svenska föräldraförsäkringen är känd för att vara en av de mest förmånliga föräldraförsäkringarna i världen. Försäkringen består av tre olika förmåner, gemensamt för dessa är att de alla ska ge kompensation för inkomstbortfall. 1) Havandeskapspenning. En förmån för kvinnor med fysiskt tunga arbeten och arbeten med risker för fostret. Ger rätt till 50 dagars kompensation, tidigast 60 dagar före förlossningen. 2) Föräldrapenning i samband med barns födelse och vid adoption. Den största förmånen. 2005: ca 20 mdr kr. Utbet för drygt 500 000 barn 3) Tillfällig föräldrapenning ger möjlighet till kompensation vid inkomstbortfall för vård av sjukt barn för i huvudsak barn under 12 år

Parental Leave Benefit 240 days for each parent – 480 per child 60 days non-transferable 390 days income related, 80% 90 days flat rate Time frame: 8 years Flexibility – full / part time

Parental Benefit Days Women (%) Men (%) Men Women 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1974 1985 1996 2007 Men Women Women (%) Men (%) Diagrammet visar utvecklingen av fördelningen av fp uttaget mellan kvinnor och män 1974 0,5 % av dagarna uttagna av män 2006 20,6 % av dagarna togs ut av män. Föräldrar med gemensam vårdnad har sedan föräldraförsäkringen infördes haft rätt att dela dagarna lika. Männen uttag har ökat under de drygt 30 gångna åren, men fortfarande är det kvinnorna som tar ut huvuddelen, ca 80 % Kvinnorna tar ut flest dagar under barnets första år. Männen tar ut dagar när barnet är 1 – 1,5 år. Kvinnorna drygar ut föräldraledigheten gm att inte ha ersättning för alla dagar.

Why did you share the parental leave as you did? (percent) Mothers Fathers Mother’s wish to be home 27 14 Father’s wish to be home 1 6 We wished to share equal 3 4 Mother’s work 7 5 Father’s work 18 21 Economy 25 29 Others reasons 19 22

Percent of all mothers receiving parental leave at the low flat rate (not earnings-related) Mother’s country of birth Percent Sweden 3,6 Nordic countries 6,2 EU 15 17,9 Europe outside EU 15 45,7 Africa 62,8 Asia 55,2 North America 33,8 South America 28,2

Temporary Parental Benefit Introduced 1974 Sick children 0-12 years 120 days Income related compensation 10 days – newborn Tfp ska ge ersättning för inkomsbortfall till föräldrar som tillfälligt behöver avstå från arbete pga barnet är sjukt eller smittat. Antalet ersättningsdagar med rätt till tfp uppgår normalt till 60 dagar per barn och år, 60 ytterligare dagar kan beviljas. Obegränsad rätt till dagar för allvarligt sjuka barn.

Temporary parental benefit Average 6 days/year Usually 2-3 years child 60 or more days/year used for 0.2 % of the children 36 % days used by men 77% new born babies had a father who used ”10 newborn days”

Swedish day care Assistance for working parents Pedagogic activity Guaranteeing social conditions for children in marginalized groups Expansion mainly in 1970-80s Goal: All children should be offered place

Childcare participation 2007 by children’s age, percent of all children

Age at day care start and preference among parents to children born 1999

New reforms 1st of July 2008 Gender Equality Bonus Child Home Care Allowance

Development associated with the Swedish family policy High female labour force participation High male parental leave use High fertility Low child poverty

…but Swedish family policy may also lead to… Women’s disadvantage in the labour market Postponement of childbearing Marginalization

Thank you for listening!

Pregnancy benefit For women with physically hard work Can be used 2 last months of pregnancy 20% of pregnant women use on average 40 days Many women use sick leave or parental leave during pregnancy

Parental Benefit Number of days Diagrammet visar utvecklingen av antal dagar sedan fp infördes 1974. 1974: 180 dagar (6 mån). Försäkringen har sedan kontinuerligt utökats med flera dagar. Med undantag för 1994 då nya regler om vårdnadsbidrag infördes för en kort tid. 1995 infördes “pappamånaden”, 30 dagar ej överlåtningsbara mellan föräldrarna. Målet var att öka pappornas uttag av fp, förtydliga att hälften av dagarna tillhör vardera föräldern. 2002 infördes ytterligare en reserverad månad, antalet fp-dagar är sedan dess 480 (16 månader), varav 2 månader är reserverade för vardera förälderna. 240 dagar var.