Aspects of Smart Grid Operation QIP STC on Computational Methods for Smart Grids 9th - 13th March, 2014 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India   Dr. G. B. Shrestha School of EEE, IIT Guwahati email: gbshrestha@iitg.ernet.in 13 March 2015 GB Shrestha: March 2015

Indian Power System Network- Grid Two factors: Generation Capacity Transmission Network Both capacities and interconnections growing. GB Shrestha: March 2015

Brief History of Electric Power Grid Industry/Ownership Structures Single units, Isolated Systems, Interconnected Networks - Grid Regulations Blackouts (1965), Fuel Crisis (1973), Financial Crises Deregulation PURPA (1978) Deregulation, and Markets, etc. Micro-Grids – Smart Grids – Why? Tie Line Tr Load Line GB Shrestha: March 2015

Power System Operation and Planning Electric Energy cannot be stored. Generation must exactly balance the load (plus losses) 2. Quality of Power Supply The voltage profile throughout the power system must be maintained within an acceptable narrow band. The frequency must be maintained near the rated value - etc. Level of Reliability – must be maintained Environmental impact is becoming increasingly more important. The role of renewable/sustainable energy is increasing. The operating cost must be minimized!!! Tie Line Tr Load Line GB Shrestha: March 2015

Load Forecast and Load Characteristics Short term, Long Term, etc. Load Curve The load duration curve Load duration curves are useful in efficient operation of power systems. Base Demand - lasts all 24 hrs Peak Demand - lasts only the peak hour GB Shrestha: March 2015

Cost Characteristics of Power Plants Two different types of costs are involved. Operating Cost: The fuel cost and the operation and maintenance cost basically depends on the amount of energy produced. For a given size of generator the cost linearly increases with the length of time used. The general behaviors of this component of cost for steam and combustion turbine generators are shown below. 8760 Time (hours/year) $ Steam Turbine Combustion Turbine GB Shrestha: March 2015

General Cost Characteristics of Power Plants Capital Cost: The amount invested in the construction of the plant. Both (i) return of capital, and (ii) return on the capital will involve an annual fixed cost independent of the power produced. The general nature of this component of cost for steam and combustion turbine generators are shown below. 8760 Time (hours/year) $ Steam Turbine Combustion Turbine GB Shrestha: March 2015

Cost Characteristics of Power Plants 8760 Time (hours/year) $ Combustion Turbine The sum of the two cost components will determine the overall cost of energy produced. Steam Turbine T Consideration of total costs shows that: Steam/Coal Plant costs are lower if operated for T hrs or more. Combustion plant costs are lower if operated for less than T hrs. GB Shrestha: March 2015

Cost Characteristics of Power Plants Such cost characteristics are called the screening curves. These curves are used in the operation and planning of generation capacity. A set of screening curves for various types of generators may be as shown below. GB Shrestha: March 2015

Classification of Generators Specification: Size, voltage level, efficiency, availability, etc Cost Capital cost, fuel cost, etc Type of Use Base Load Unit Intermediate Unit Peaking Unit GB Shrestha: March 2015

Daily Scheduling Forecast the power demand for the day. Determine suitable spinning reserve margin. Run (start and/or shut down) the generators in the order of increasing cost. Note that the base units will be on all the time, while peaking units will be used for during the peak hours only. In practice, the failure of generators will have to be taken into account. Hours Spinning Reserve Generation Capacity Demand/Capacity GB Shrestha: March 2015

Challenges Facing Electric Power Industry US Scenario Generation capacity: (2008) 1,022 GW (2030) 1,400 GW New Additions Required: 600 units of 1,000 MW plants Chinese Scenario Generation capacity: Per Capita Consumption (2006) 622 GW < 0.5 kW (2020) 1,500 GW 1 kW (2030-2050) 2,400 GW 1.5 kW New Additions Required: 1800 units of 1,000 MW plants GB Shrestha: March 2015 12

World Electricity Generation by Fuel Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2007 ** Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables & waste GB Shrestha: March 2015

Electricity Generation by Fuel Types for Selected Countries http://iea.org/Textbase/stats/prodresult.asp?PRODUCT=Electricity/Heat Source: International Energy Agency (IEA Statistics 2005 data, available as of June 2008) GB Shrestha: March 2015

Generation Mix of Indian Power System Total installed capacity: 201.64 GW (April 2012) Present renewable resources contribution is about 11 % 14 % of the capacity is owned by non-utilities as captive plants GB Shrestha: March 2015

Challenges in Meeting Forecasted Demands Where to put these two thousand 1,000 MW power plants in China and the United States? Where would you find the water to run these coal or nuclear power plants? How to deal with environmental effects? GB Shrestha: March 2015

Likely Scenario Electricity supply mix move away from fossil fuels with expanded development of wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, nuclear and energy from the oceans Expanded focus on energy efficiency Greater application of IT and communication technologies Smart electric power grid Link: http://www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid/docs/A%20Vision%20for%20the%20Modern%20Grid_Final_v1_0.pdf GB Shrestha: March 2015 17

Attributes of Smart Grids Use of information technologies to improve electricity delivery from power plants to consumers Consumers to interact with the grid Integrates new and improved technologies into the operation of the grid Information-based Communicating Secure Self-healing Reliable Flexible Cost-effective Dynamically controllable Link: http://www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid/docs/A%20Vision%20for%20the%20Modern%20Grid_Final_v1_0.pdf GB Shrestha: March 2015 18

Diverse Energy Sources Fossil EVs Wind Solar Consumer http://powerelectronics.com/power_systems/smart-grid-success-rely-system-solutions-20091001/

Renewable Resources Solar Energy Systems Wind Energy Systems Mini-hydro Power Plants Bio-Energy Geothermal, Tidal, and Wave Power Plants GB Shrestha: March 2015

Future Prospects - How does the future look? GB Shrestha: March 2015

Fastest Growing Energy Sources in the World Global % Growth in 2009 by Energy Source Source: Statistical Review of World Energy 2010 (bp.com) Note: Wind, PV, Geothermal – (installed capacity MW); Gas, Oil, Hydro, Coal, Nuclear GB Shrestha: EE 8085 - January 2011

Wind Power Highlights Global wind capacity: 93,849 megawatts (end of 2007) Some leading countries: Wind turbines generate more than 1% of the global electricity. Germany (27.8%) Spain (15.7%) USA (15.7%) India (8.5%) Denmark (4.2%) Source: BP, 2008 and WWEA, 2008 GB Shrestha: March 2015

World Wind Energy - Total Installed Capacity MW Source: BP.com, 2008 GB Shrestha: March 2015

Worldwide Wind Energy by Continents Total Installed Capacity 2007 (Total: 93.9 GW) Europe 61% Australia Pacific 1.2% Africa 0.4% Asia 17% Latin America 0.6% North America 20% Source: WWEA, 2008 GB Shrestha: March 2015

Share of Wind in Total Electricity Generation (2006) US India Calif. EU Ger. Spain Den. Source: BP.com, 2007 GB Shrestha: March 2015

Cumulative Installed Wind Turbine Capacity (MW) - China Cumulative installed capacity (MW) at the end of 2007：6,050MW. Source: www.BP.com GB Shrestha: March 2015

Cumulative Installed Wind Turbine Capacity (MW)- US Cumulative installed capacity (MW) at the end of 2007：16,818 MW. Source: www.BP.com and www.awea.org GB Shrestha: March 2015

Offshore wind turbines - Horns Rev, Denmark 80 x 2MW = 160 MW Source: BWEA © Elsam A/S GB Shrestha: March 2015

Wind Turbine Generators near Gibraltar © Saifur Rahman GB Shrestha: March 2015

Solar Power Highlights Current solar PV capacity: 9,100 megawatts (end of 2007) Some leading countries: - Germany (38.6%) - Japan (38.4%) - USA (12.9%) - Spain (1.6%) Above 40% growth rate continued in 2004 and 2005, more than doubling the solar PV capacity in two years. Source: EPIA, 2008 and BP, 2007 GB Shrestha: March 2015

Global Installed Solar Photovoltaics Cumulative Capacity 1992-2005 9,100 6,851 5,253 3,847 2,795 Source: EPIA, 2008 GB Shrestha: March 2015

Cost Characteristics of Renewable Generation Costs:. Operating Cost: The fuel cost practically zero (solar, wind, hydro, etc.) Other operating costs = negligible (may not be quite so for hydro). Capital Cost: Usually extremely high Desirable Economic Operating Practice: As long as possible GB Shrestha: March 2015

System Characteristics and Markets for Renewable Generation Actual Physical Behavior: Highly uncertain Solar – only during sunshine hours, Wind - only during windy periods, etc. Markets Interconnection Issues Energy Price Issues PPAs GB Shrestha: March 2015

Cost-Competitiveness of Selected Renewable Power Technologies Source: Renewable Energy: RD&D Priorities, OECD/IEA 2006. GB Shrestha: March 2015

Thank You! GB Shrestha: March 2015

Present System Performance - Singapore SARFIx – System Average RMS (variation) Frequency Index GB Shrestha: March 2015 37

Modern Coal Power Plant GB Shrestha: March 2015 38

Basic Gas Turbine Brayton Cycle: Working fluid is always a gas Most common fuel is natural gas Typical efficiency is around 30 to 35% GB Shrestha: March 2015

Combined Cycle Power Plants Efficiencies of up to 60% can be achieved, with even higher values when the steam is used for heating GB Shrestha: March 2015

Smart Nation GB Shrestha: March 2015

The long time goal of transmitting power from the West to the East North East Xinjiang Coal ase Xinjiang North China Jin,Shan,Mong Coal Base To North and Central China To Centre,East North West To Centre Load centers Tibet Hydro 上海 Tibet Sichuan Hydro East China Chuanyu Centre China To Centre, East Jinshajiang Hydro Taiwan South China Source: X. Zhao, China EPRI P42 GB Shrestha: March 2015 42