**A MEETING CALLED IN PHILADELPHIA CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION **A MEETING CALLED IN PHILADELPHIA TO ADDRESS THE PROBLEMS WITH THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION IN 1787; ORIGINALLY PLANNED TO REVISE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, HOWEVER, IT WAS QUICKLY DECIDED TO REPLACE IT. ** Problems 1. National security 2. Stabilize the economy 3. Pay war debt 4. Define authority of federal government

PHILADELPHIA **55 delegates met in absolute secrecy in Philadelphia during the summer of 1787.** **They met in Independence Hall.** On average there were about 30 delegates in attendance every day. Met from 10 am-3 pm each day. 12 of 13 states represented—only Rhode Island was not. **James Madison was the only delegate to never miss a day. He wrote notes from each session.**

“Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States” Howard Chandler Christy, 1940

(PRESIDING OFFICER)** **GEORGE WASHINGTON (PRESIDING OFFICER)** ALEXANDER HAMILTON **JAMES MADISON “FATHER OF THE CONSTITUTION”** BEN FRANKLIN

THOMAS JEFFERSON, JOHN ADAMS, THOMAS PAINE, JOHN HANCOCK & PATRICK HENRY DID NOT ATTEND

What influenced the Founding Fathers?

**State Constitutions** ALL 13 STATES HAD A CONSTITUTION – USED AS A MODEL FOR FEDERAL GOVT. POWER OF GOVT. SEPARATED BETWEEN EQUAL BRANCHES (LEGISLATURE, EXECUTIVE, JUDICIAL) BILL OF RIGHTS FOR CITIZENS

**ANCIENT GREEKS & ROMANS (DEMOCRACY & REPUBLIC)** **THE MAGNA CARTA: LIMITS POWER OF KING** **ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS: LISTED INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS** JOHN LOCKE “LIFE, LIBERTY, & PROPERTY” MONTESQUIEU: SEPARATION OF POWERS **MAYFLOWER COMPACT (SELF-GOVERNMENT & MAJORITY RULE), VIRGINIA DECLARATION OF RIGHTS, & THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE**

**Virginia Plan**(entire slide) Proposed by large states, Madison’s plan Lawmaking body: Bicameral (2 Houses) Based on Population Size Elected by the 1st house Elected by the people # of Congressmen determined by state population

**New Jersey Plan**(entire slide) Supported by smaller states Lawmaking body: Unicameral (1 House) Each state would have the same number of Representatives or votes Based on Equality

The Great Compromise**(entire slide) This was a combination of both plans & a peaceful resolution… Lawmaking body: Bicameral Congress (2 Houses) Senate House of Representatives Each state gets 2 representatives, equal for all states # of reps. would depend on populations

SOUTH “YES” – NORTH – “NO” SHOULD SLAVES BE COUNTED WHEN DETERMINING THE POPULATION FOR REPRESENTATION AND TAXATION PURPOSES? SOUTH “YES” – NORTH – “NO” **SLAVES WOULD BE COUNTED AS 3/5 OF A PERSON WHEN DETERMINING REPRESENTATION IN THE LEGISLATURE.** 2. SLAVE TRADE FROM AFRICA MUST END BY 1807

Summary--Discussion How did compromise result in a peaceful solution during the Constitutional Convention?

http://crayfisher.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/3branches.jpg http://www.ira-einhorn.com/gallery/views/separationofpowers.gif

**Separation of Powers** (entire slide) ( How the Government will be organized ) 3 Branches Legislative Executive Judicial Court System (for life) President (4 years) House of Reps. (2 years) Senate (6 years) = Congress makes laws Carries out laws Interpret the laws

Court System in the U.S.

Amendments **Before any of the states would sign the Constitution, the delegates wanted a way to amend the Constitution in order for it to grow with the times and the country.** Bill of Rights 1st Amendment 2nd Amendment 3rd Amendment …

Amending the Constitution

Signing the Constitution 39 delegates signed before leaving Philadelphia. Each state planned to have its own convention to vote on the adoption. **Nine states were needed to ratify the Constitution.** December 7, 1787

FEDERALISTS: SUPPORTED THE RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION, ARGUED FOR A STRONG NATIONAL GOVERNMENT WITH RESTRICTED POWERS WROTE FEDERALIST PAPERS Written by: Hamilton, Madison, & Jay, Published anonymously **entire slide**

LACKED PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS– FEDERAL GOVERNMENT **ANTI-FEDERALISTS: DID NOT SUPPORT THE RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION, ARGUED THAT STATES SHOULD REMAIN POWERFUL OVER KEY ISSUES, HAD GREAT DESIRE FOR INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES** LACKED PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS– FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TOO POWERFUL WITHOUT THIS! **Leaders: Patrick Henry (“smelt a rat”, did not attend) & George Mason (Leader of Anti-Federalists)**

Ratification Go USA!! **June 21, 1788 New Hampshire, the 9th state signed the constitution putting into effect the new government.** There were still states that had not ratified. This threatened the outcome of the new government. The four remaining states signed by May of 1790! Go USA!!

Branches of Govt. Quick Activity http://www.texaslre.org/branches_game/branc hes_game.html

Principles of the Constitution Popular sovereignty Republicanism Limited Government Federalism Checks & Balances Individual Rights Separation of Powers