© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Instructor name Class Title, Term/Semester, Year Institution Introductory Psychology Concepts Altered Consciousness: Changes in Everyday Understanding

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 2 Consciousness:  Moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 3 Awake/alert Relaxed/drowsy Sleep: Changing patterns of brain-wave activity help define the various stages of sleep.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 4 Stage 1: Light Sleep Sleep Progresses Through Four Stages Brain waves become slower as sleep deepens from Stage 1 through Stage 4.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 5 Sleep Progresses Through Four Stages Brain waves become slower as sleep deepens from Stage 1 through Stage 4. Stage 1: Light Sleep Stage 2: Sleep Spindles

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 6 Sleep Progresses Through Four Stages Brain waves become slower as sleep deepens from Stage 1 through Stage 4. Stage 1: Light Sleep Stage 2: Sleep Spindles Stage 3: First Delta Waves

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 7 Stage 1: Light Sleep Sleep Progresses Through Four Stages Brain waves become slower as sleep deepens from Stage 1 through Stage 4. Stage 2: Sleep Spindles Stage 3: First Delta Waves Stage 4: Delta Waves

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 8 REM Sleep: Characterized by rapid eye movements (REM), high arousal, frequent dreaming. Hours of sleep

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 9 Drug: Any substance that alters consciousness.  Psychoactive Drugs + Induce an altered state of consciousness. + Affects a person’s  emotions  perceptions  behaviors  Addictive Drugs + Produce dependence  Biological  Psychological + Withdrawal leads to a craving for the drug that, in some cases may be nearly irresistible.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 10 Classifications of Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates Narcotics: Heroin, Morphine Hallucinogens: Cannabis, LSD

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 11 Classifications of Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines  Increase neural firing and arouse the nervous system. Effects Increased confidence Mood elevation Sense of energy and alertness Decreased appetite Anxiety Irritability Insomnia Transient drowsiness Delayed orgasm

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 12 Classifications of Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines Adverse/Overdose Reactions Elevated blood pressure Increased body temperature Face picking Bizarre and repetitious behavior Vivid hallucinations Convulsions Possible death Withdrawal Symptoms  Apathy  General fatigue  Prolonged sleep and bizarre dreams  Depression and suicidal thoughts  Disorientation  Agitated motor activity  Irritability

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 13 Effects Reduces anxiety Impulsiveness Dramatic mood swings Bizarre thoughts Suicidal behavior Slurred speech Disorientation Slowed mental and physical functioning Limited attention span Classifications of Drugs Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates Decrease nervous system activity.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 14 Adverse/Overdose Reactions Confusion Decreased response to pain Shallow respiration Dilated pupils Weak and rapid pulse Coma and possible death Withdrawal Symptoms Weakness Restlessness Nausea and vomiting Headaches Nightmares Irritability Depression Acute anxiety Hallucinations Seizures and possible death Classifications of Drugs Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 15 Effects Anxiety Pain reduction Apathy Euphoria Difficulty concentrating Slowed speech Decreased physical activity Drooling Itching Nausea Classifications of Drugs Narcotics: Heroin, Morphine

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 16 Adverse/Overdose Reactions Depressed levels of consciousness Low blood pressure Rapid heart rate Shallow breathing Convulsions Coma and possible death Withdrawal Symptoms Anxiety and/or panic Vomiting Sneezing Diarrhea Lower back pain and/or muscle cramping Watery eyes, runny nose Yawning Irritability Tremors, chills sweating Classifications of Drugs Narcotics: Heroin, Morphine

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 17 Withdrawal Symptoms Hyperactivity Insomnia Decreased appetite Anxiety Depression Sleeplessness Effects Euphoria Relaxed inhibitions Increased appetite Disorientated behavior Classifications of Drugs Hallucinogens: Cannabis, LSD

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 18 Adverse/Overdose Reactions (LSD) Nausea and chills Increased pulse, temperature and blood pressure Slow, deep breathing Loss of appetite Insomnia Bizarre, dangerous behavior Adverse/Overdose Reactions (Cannabis) Panic Paranoia Fatigue Bizarre and dangerous behavior Decreased testosterone over long-term Immune system effects Classifications of Drugs Hallucinogens: Cannabis, LSD

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Altered Consciousness 19 Hypnosis: A state of heightened suggestibility in which some people are able to experience imagined situations as if they were real. Dissociation Theories of Hypnosis Viewing hypnosis as an altered state involving a division (dissociation) of consciousness. Social-Cognitive Theories of Hypnosis Hypnotic experiences result from expectations of people who are motivated to take on the role of being hypnotized.