Scientific Investigation

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www.wiley.com/college/sekaran Scientific Investigation Chapter 2 Scientific Investigation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Hallmarks of scientific research: Hallmarks or main distinguishing characteristics of scientific research: Purposiveness Rigor Testability Replicability Precision and Confidence Objectivity Generalizability Parsimony © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Hypothetico-Deductive Research The Seven-Step Process in the Hypothetico-Deductive Method Identify a broad problem area Define the problem statement Develop hypotheses Determine measures Data collection Data analysis Interpretation of data © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Deduction and Induction Deductive reasoning: application of a general theory to a specific case. Hypothesis testing Inductive reasoning: a process where we observe specific phenomena and on this basis arrive at general conclusions. Counting white swans Both inductive and deductive processes are often used in research. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

Alternative approaches to what makes good research Positivism Constructionnism The middle ground: Critical realism Pragmatism © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran Positivism Scientific research is the way to get to the truth Rigour and replicability, reliability, and generalizability Key approach: experiment © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran Critical realism There is an external reality but we cannot always objectively measure this external reality The critical realist is critical of our ability to understand the world with certainty © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran Constructionism The world as we know it is fundamentally mental Aim to understand the rules people use to make sense of the world Research methods are often qualitative in nature © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran Pragmatism Do not take a particular position on what makes good research Research on both objective and subjective phenomena can produce useful knowledge Relationship between theory and practice Purpose of theory is to inform practice © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wiley.com/college/sekaran

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