AS MOD 2 SOCIO-CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL EFFECTS ON PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON PERFORMANCE THE CHANGING NATURE OF BRITISH SOCIETY 20th CENTURY BRITAIN

THE 20 TH CENTURY Ordinary people realised that sport wasn’t just for the privileged, they had a RIGHT to leisure. This depended on spare cash and ability of masses to pay for their pleasure Sport became ever more organised with: - Bureaucracies - Finances - Performers - Officials - Spectators - Sport publications Local/regional events became national/international affairs controlled by international committees (eg FIFA, 1904)

WORLD WAR 1 ( ) WOMEN - Took on many of MEN’S jobs (factories and on land) - Enjoyed escape of dance halls and cinemas = gave them life experiences unheard of before - Relaxation of domestic and social roles - Became more independent and confident Establishment of Women’s League of Health and Beauty (1930) demonstrated changes, esp the increase in physical activity and growing knowledge of therapeutic effects of exercise Exercises based on remedial health exercises, taught by highly trained instructors and put on in workplace for mill workers, office and shop employees. Many women would perform movement in large groups to music in public

ANTI-MILITARISM Changing views of children were reflected in Syllabuses of PT in schools More account taken of children’s ages and stages of development Lessons more informal than previous drill style More fun and play activities More interactive teaching style ENTERTAINMENT Cinema – Took over from Church and Pub Why?- Cheap - Entertaining - Sociable - Educational RADIO dominated all homes (home based entertainment) MOTORCAR development/trade enabled escape to new environments COACH TRIPS would collect people from their streets, whilst giving a sense of community TRAVEL FIRMS catered for low income groups (eg trips to Blackpool)

Prior to WW1 - became recognised all workers had the right to a holiday Late 1930’s – recognised, through legislation, everyone had a right to HOLIDAYS WITH PAY OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL activities became National pastimes (made popular by Scout movement) E.gWalking Cycling Climbing Camping COMMERCIALISATION 1950’S, “People never had it so good” - due to increased wages, developments of domestic hardware (esp TV) and opportunities for hire purchase Television – blamed for a decline in Church attendance, Cinema and even attendance at Football matches - Major sports events could be watched by millions (e.g Olympics, World Cup) ADVERTISING, SPONSORSHIP and TV COVERAGE became multi-million pound businesses MUNICIPAL FACILITIES allowed more people to participate purely for enjoyment, with many spending vast amounts for their children to experience more expensive sports

THE HISTORY OF FOOTBALL Classic example of a TRADITIONAL working class popular recreation transformed into an activity that is: 1. Rational 2. Rule bound 3.Disciplined 4.Possessing qualities that would bring society together in a common aim POPULAR or MOB VERSION - Flourished in British Isles from 8 th to 9 th C - Variety of local and regional versions making up present days sport of Association Football and Rugby Football - “Popular” status suggests that they were initially 1. Disorganised 2.Violent 3. Spontaneous 4.Indefinite numbers of players - Heated contests between whole village communities or townships – through streets, village squares, across fields, hedges, fences and streams - Played only occasionally, eg Holy days, when lower classes enjoyed some free time

REASONS FOR DISAPPROVAL OF AUTHORITIES 1.With spread of PURITANISM, frivolous amusements (eg sport) was a violation of peace on the Sabbath 2.It was regarded as a public disturbance, resulting in damaged property 3.Industrialised society required a DISCIPLINED, PUNCTUAL and FIT workforce RATIONALISATION OF FOOTBALL - Beginning of 19 th C, sons of gentry took “village boys” game into Public Schools, here it was given technical developments via 1.Skills 2.Tactics 3.Facilities 4.General organisation - Eventually CODIFICATION via Universities took place allowing inter school fixtures ’s, Clarendon Commission (govt report) formally recognised educational value of team games, and a useful distraction to less desirable occupations eg heavy drinking and gambling - “Games Cult” in Public Schools derived fine character building qualities from team games such as: - Loyalty - Selflessness - Co-operation - Subordination - Team spirit

- Team games became integral part of school curriculum - This organised form matched concept of ATHLETICISM = MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY = Physical endeavour with moral integrity, a movement developed in Public Schools Healthy bodies and minds to serve God, a movement developed in society - 26 Oct 1863, birth of FA. The first football comp in the world, the FA Cup, was est in the same year - The rational game of football was introduced to working classes via;- Churches - Schools - Workplace - In INDUSTRIAL HEARTLAND the game was reclaimed by the working classes becoming “the game of the people” - “Broken-time payments” led to eventual professionalising of the game thus improving standards of performance - Boom in organised football brought staggering crowds of spectators - Spread of Football outside Great Britain mainly due to British influence abroad, in 1912, 21 National Associations were affiliated ti Federation Internationale de Football association (FIFA). At present FIFA has 204 members throughout the world - Maximum wage was abolished in 1961