1. PHED 1 Opportunities for Participation Development of PE
AS PE
PHED 1
Opportunities for Participation
Development of PE

2. Swedish Gymnastics and the Model Course
How did State School Education begin?
What was Swedish Gymnastics?
What was the Model Course?

3. History and Characteristics
Prior to 1870 the working classes had no formal education
Education act was introduced in in 1870 making it compulsory for all children to attend state school
Not popular as children could no longer work and vital income would be lost
Purpose was to educate working class and keep the children away from unsafe factory work
Employers wanted a more disciplined and educated work force
Basic skills of reading, writing and arithmetic
Religious education also important to instil moral values which middle class saw as being important
Working classes would be factory workers obeying orders from their employers
Emphasis place on discipline and obedience rather than leadership and decision making

4. Characteristics Free of charge Built in local areas Day schools
Catered for both sexes
Limited space
No recreational activities
Restrictions on activities offered

5. Timeline of State school development
Date
Development in state schooling
Physical activities
Pre 1870
No formal state education, some church provision
Foster Education act, foundations laid
Drill training linked to Swedish gymnastics
Poor performance in Boer War blames on lack of fitness and discipline among troops
Military drill in the form of the Model Course delivered by NCOs
Centralised government control of physical activity in state school
Early syllabus of physical training
Last centralised syllabus of physical training
Content more varied, including gymnastics and small sided games
Influence of child-centred, self discovery learning in primary schools
‘Moving and growing’ for primary schools
1988-present day
Education reform act, National curriculum PE introduced
Wide range of activities to be taught with attainment levels in four key stages

6. Swedish Gymnastics (1870-1902)
Swedish gymnastics formed the basis of physical activity in state school education
Board of Education chose it over German as it needed no gymnastic equipment
Based on therapeutic principles-
Curative practices to maintain health
Scientific knowledge of the body
Free standing and free flowing
Taught in instructional style
However the heavy losses suffered by Britain during the Boer war ( ) was blamed on Swedish gymnastics not being rigorous enough- physically or mentally

7. The Model Course (1902-1904) Replaced Swedish gymnastic in 1902
Aimed to
improve health and fitness of working class for military service
give training in the use of weapons
develop obedience and discipline in preparation for work and war
Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs) delivered military drill exercises taken from war office
Command style authoritarian teaching, Instructions such as ‘attention’ completed in unison

8. The Model Course (1902-1904) Issues
Military needs became more important than educational theory
Education took a step backwards (innovation replaced by conformity)
Everyone taught together (sexes and ages)
Children treated as soldiers
Dull, repetitive and cheap (only equipment was for weapon training)
Lowered status of physical activity
The Model Course only lasted 2 years as it had no educational focus, didn’t cater for children’s needs and wasn’t that successful in improving health and fitness