Chapter 22 Section 3 Study Guide The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas

Discovery of “New World” broadens Europeans' worldview; leads to even more questions… i.e. “What else don’t we know?” Ch 22 Sec 1 “The Scientific Revolution” >>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->> NAME: Causes of the Scientific Revolution Classical manuscripts from the Byzantine Empire reach western Europe; lead scholars to question accepted learning Printing Press spreads ideas more widely than ever before; more brains are working on solving problems… Discoveries of Copernicus and other scientists challenge accepted thinking Increasing contact with the Islamic world (and eventually, Asia) broadens Europeans’ knowledge base

5 Core Concepts of the Enlightenment Reason: Truth can be discovered through reason; the philosophes defined reason as the absence of intolerance in one’s thinking. Nature: Nature should be our model; what is natural is good & reasonable; just as there are natural laws of motion, so too were there natural laws of economics, politics; life, liberty, and property are our “natural rights" Happiness: We don’t have to wait for an afterlife to find happiness, we can find it here on earth IF we use reason Progress: Progress for society was not merely possible but inevitable, IF we use reason Liberty: Individual freedoms, liberties, rights of speech, religion, trade, personal travel, etc., are what is most reasonable; these rights are the key to unleashing people to use their reason, their initiative, and their creativity. Ch 22 Sec 2 “The Enlightenment” >>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->> NAME:

Reason: Truth can be discovered through reason; the philosophes defined reason as the absence of intolerance in one’s thinking. Nature: Nature should be our model; what is natural is good & reasonable; just as there are natural laws of motion, so too were there natural laws of economics, politics; life, liberty, and property are our “natural rights" Happiness: We don’t have to wait for an afterlife to find happiness, we can find it here on earth IF we use reason Progress: Progress for society was not merely possible but inevitable, IF we use reason Liberty: Individual freedoms, liberties, rights of speech, religion, trade, personal travel, etc., are what is most reasonable; these rights are the key to unleashing people to use their reason, their initiative, and their creativity. Ch 22 Sec 2 “Core Concepts of The Enlightenment” >>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->> NAME: Core Concepts of the Enlightenment

Mnemonic Device for 5 Core Concepts of the Enlightenment RUNNING Reason: RUNNING NORMALLY Nature: NORMALLY HELPS Happiness: HELPS PEOPLE Progress: PEOPLE LIVE Liberty: LIVE Ch 22 Sec 2 “The Enlightenment” >>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->> NAME:

The role of salons ► Paris  Cultural & intellectual center of Europe ► Marie Theresa Geoffrin's famous salons  Philosophes  Artists  Writers  scientists

Denis Diderot ► Diderot & his Encyclopedia, 1751  Articles & essays on ► Science & Technology ► Art ► Government  Banned by French Gov't & Catholic Church ► Undermined royal gov't ► encouraged "moral corruption, irreligion, and unbelief…"

"Neoclassical" art ► Neoclassical Art  harkened back to the style of ancient Greece and Rome  Art should move a person's deepest feelings and teach virtue  Art should serve the nation  Patriotism & Nationalism  Commenting on the present using classical subjects & settings "Death of Socrates" by Jacques Louis David, 1787 Call to duty and to stand against unjust authority

"The Sabine Women" by Jacques Louis David, Romans v. Sabines. Theme: reconciliation

"Oath of the Horatii" by Jacques Louis David, 1784 Patriotism & Nationalism

"Classical Music" ► Franz Joseph Haydn ► Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ► Ludwig von Beethoven ► Characteristics  Structured, planned  symmetric

Montesquieu's idea of checks and balances In government Newton's 3 rd Law: for every action there is an equal reaction Mozart's Compositions Artists like Jacques Louis David Ch 22 Sec 2 “Values of the Enlightenment” >>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->> NAME: Symmetry, Order, Balance

Enlightened Despots ► Frederick the Great:  "I must enlighten my people, cultivate their manners and morals, and make them as happy as human beings can be, or as happy as the means at my disposal permit." ► Joseph II of Austria  Religious tolerance  Legal reforms  Freedom of press  Abolished serfdom  Changes undone after his death