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Section 1: The Politics of the 1920s Section 2: A Growing Economy Chapter Introduction Section 1: The Politics of the 1920s Section 2: A Growing Economy Section 3: A Clash of Values Section 4: Cultural Innovations Section 5: African American Culture Visual Summary Chapter Menu

Why Does Culture Change? In the 1920s, technology spurred economic growth and cultural change. Although not everyone approved, young people adopted new styles of dress, listened to jazz music, and had more independence than earlier generations. What technologies changed life in the 1920s? How do you think the invention of radio and movies changed popular culture? Chapter Intro

Chapter Timeline

Chapter Timeline

The Politics of the 1920s Why did the American people want life to return to the way it was before World War I? Chapter Intro 1

A Growing Economy How did new industries contribute to economic growth? Chapter Intro 2

A Clash of Values Why did the modern culture of the 1920s cause some people to think that traditional society and morality were under attack? Chapter Intro 3

Cultural Innovations How did popular culture, the arts, and literature change in the 1920s? Chapter Intro 4

African American Culture How did African Americans affect American society in the 1920s? Chapter Intro 5

Chapter Preview-End

Big Ideas Economics and Society Government policies helped create prosperity in the 1920s. Section 1-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary supply-side economics cooperative individualism isolationism Academic Vocabulary investigation revelation Section 1-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify Teapot Dome Charles G. Dawes Charles Evans Hughes Kellogg-Briand Pact Section 1-Key Terms

Section 1-Polling Question Are there any political scandals that have occurred during your lifetime? A. Yes B. No A B Section 1-Polling Question

The Harding Administration President Harding staffed his administration with political friends from Ohio; his presidency was marred by many scandals. Section 1

The Harding Administration (cont.) People applauded when the open, easygoing atmosphere of the Harding administration replaced the quiet gloom of President Wilson’s last years. Harding made several distinguished appointments to the cabinet, as well as some disastrous ones. He gave many cabinet posts and high-level jobs to friends and political allies from Ohio. Section 1

The Harding Administration (cont.) Some members used their positions to sell government jobs, pardons, and protection from prosecution. Shortly after Harding died on August 2, 1923, news of the Forbes scandal broke. The most famous scandal was known as the Teapot Dome. Another Harding administration scandal involved Attorney General Harry Daugherty. Section 1

The Harding Administration (cont.) Calvin Coolidge became president after Harding died. He believed that prosperity rested on business leadership and that part of his job as president was to make sure that government interfered with business and industry as little as possible. He easily won the Republican nomination for president in 1924. Section 1

C. The Harry Daugherty scandal Which scandal involved the selling of scarce medical supplies from veteran’s hospitals? A. The Forbes scandal B. The Teapot dome C. The Harry Daugherty scandal A B C Section 1

Policies of Prosperity During the 1920s, the government cut taxes and spending to encourage economic growth. Section 1

Policies of Prosperity (cont.) Both Andrew Mellon and Herbert Hoover were responsible for policies that contributed to the economic growth and prosperity of the 1920s. When Mellon took office, he had three major goals: Balance the budget Reduce the government’s debt Cut taxes Coolidge and Prosperity Section 1

Policies of Prosperity (cont.) In 1921, Mellon convinced Congress to create both the Bureau of the Budget and the General Accounting Office. Mellon’s ideas about taxes are known today as supply-side economics, or “trickle-down” economics. Section 1

Policies of Prosperity (cont.) Hoover tried to balance government regulation with his own philosophy of cooperative individualism. He believed this system would reduce costs and promote economic efficiency. To assist business, Hoover directed the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce to find new markets for companies. He also established the Bureau of Aviation and the Federal Radio Commission. Section 1

Under Mellon’s leadership, the federal budget fell by approximately how much? A. $1 billion B. $3 billion C. $10 billion D. $15 billion A B C D Section 1

Trade and Arms Control During the 1920s, the United States tried to promote peace and stability through economic policies and arms control agreements. Section 1

Trade and Arms Control (cont.) By the 1920s, the United States was the dominant economic power in the world. The majority of Americans—tired of being entangled in the baffling, hostile, and dangerous politics of Europe—favored isolationism. Instead of relying on armed force and the collective security of the League of Nations, the U.S. tried to promote peace by using economic policies and arms control agreements. Section 1

Trade and Arms Control (cont.) It was vital for the United States that European economies be healthy so that the Europeans could buy American exports and repay their debts. In 1924, American diplomat Charles G. Dawes negotiated an agreement with France, Britain, and Germany by which American banks would make loans to Germany that would enable it to make reparations payments. Section 1

Trade and Arms Control (cont.) To end the weapons race, the U.S. invited representatives from eight major countries to Washington, D.C., to discuss disarmament. In his address to the delegates, Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes proposed a 10-year moratorium on the construction of new warships. He also proposed a list of warships in each country’s navy to be destroyed. The Washington Conference, November 1921–February 1922 Section 1

Trade and Arms Control (cont.) The discussions that followed produced the Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty. On August 27, 1928, the U.S. and 14 other nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Section 1

After World War I, was the United States a debtor nation or a nation that was owed money from other countries? A. Debtor nation B. Owed money A B Section 1

Section 1-End

Big Ideas Economics and Society The United States experienced stunning economic growth during the 1920s. Section 2-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary mass production assembly line Model T welfare capitalism open shop Academic Vocabulary disposable credit Section 2-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify Charles Lindbergh Section 2-Key Terms

Section 2-Polling Question In general, does the availability of credit help or harm an individual? A. Help B. Harm A B Section 2-Polling Question

The Rise of New Industries Mass production and the assembly line allowed new industries, such as automobile and airplane manufacturing, to grow. Section 2

The Rise of New Industries (cont.) The automobile was just one part of a rising standard of living that Americans experienced in the 1920s. Cars revolutionized American life. Changes, such as the 8-hour work week, took place because mass production increased supply and reduced costs. Section 2

The Rise of New Industries (cont.) First adopted by carmaker Henry Ford, the moving assembly line divided operations into simple tasks and cut unnecessary motion to a minimum. Ford’s assembly-line product was the Model T. His business philosophy was: lower the cost per car and thereby increase the volume of sales. Section 2

The Rise of New Industries (cont.) By the mid-1920s, other car manufacturers, notably General Motors and Chrysler, competed successfully with Ford. Ford built up workers’ loyalty by doubling their pay and reducing the workday to eight-hour shifts. Section 2

The Rise of New Industries (cont.) In response to rising disposable income, many other new goods came on the market. Products for the home, as well as those that were focused on fashion and youthful appearance, were popular. After Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first manned, powered flight in history in 1903, the aviation industry began developing rapidly. Leading the way was American inventor Glenn Curtiss, inventor of the aileron. Section 2

The Rise of New Industries (cont.) After Curtiss and other entrepreneurs started building practical aircraft, the federal government began to support the airline industry. President Wilson’s postmaster general introduced the world’s first regular airmail service in 1918. Section 2

The Rise of New Industries (cont.) The Kelly Act and the Air Commerce Act also helped the aviation industry. Former airmail pilot Charles Lindbergh made an amazing transatlantic solo flight in 1927. In 1913, Edwin Armstrong, an American engineer, invented a special circuit that made it practical to transmit sound via long-range radio. The radio industry began a few years later. Section 2

The Rise of New Industries (cont.) In 1926, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) set up network stations to broadcast daily radio programs. In 1928, the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) assembled a coast-to-coast network of stations to rival NBC. Section 2

By the end of 1928, how many airlines existed? A. 2 B. 24 C. 48 D. 100 Section 2

The Consumer Society Consumer credit and advertising helped to create a nation of consumers. Section 2

The Consumer Society (cont.) One notable aspect of the economic boom was the growth of individual borrowing, or credit. To attract consumers, manufacturers turned to advertising, another booming industry in the 1920s. Growth of Consumer Debt, 1920–1933 Section 2

The Consumer Society (cont.) By the early 1920s, many industries had begun to create modern organizational structures. The managerial revolution in companies created a new career—the professional manager. Due to rising wages and welfare capitalism, industrial workers were also members of the new consumer society. Section 2

The Consumer Society (cont.) During the 1920s, unions lost both influence and membership. Employers promoted the open shop. Many people were left out of the economic boom, such as: African Americans Native Americans Prosperity for Whom? Section 2

The Consumer Society (cont.) new immigrants people in the Deep South Section 2

How did the managerial revolution add to the nation’s prosperity? A. It allowed companies to produce more products. B. It increased the size of the lower class. C. It increased the size of the middle class. D. It allowed the executives more time to create new products. A B C D Section 2

The Farm Crisis Increases in farm productivity and decreases in foreign markets led to lower prices for farmers. Section 2

The Farm Crisis (cont.) American farmers did not share in the prosperity of the 1920s. Many factors contributed to this “quiet depression” in American agriculture: During the war, the government had urged farmers to produce more to meet the great need for food supplies in Europe. Section 2

The Farm Crisis (cont.) After the war, European farm output rose, and the debt-ridden countries of Europe had little money to spend on American farm products. Congress unintentionally made matters worse when it passed the Fordney-McCumber Act of 1922, which dramatically raised tariffs. Section 2

The Farm Crisis (cont.) Some members of Congress tried to help the farmers sell their surplus by proposing the McNary-Haugen Bill. President Coolidge vetoed it twice because he feared that farmers would produce more surpluses. Section 2

On average, the American farmer earned how much less than rest of the economy? A. One-fourth B. One-third C. One-half A B C Section 2

Section 2-End

Big Ideas Past and Present The struggles of the 1920s regarding immigration and proper behavior continue to affect current events. Section 3-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary nativism anarchist evolution creationism speakeasy Academic Vocabulary source deny Section 3-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify Emergency Quota Act National Origins Act Fundamentalism Section 3-Key Terms

Section 3-Polling Question Should the United States limit the amount of immigrants that enter the country every year? A. Yes B. No A B Section 3-Polling Question

Nativism Resurges Nativism and racism increased in the 1920s and led to changes in immigration laws. Section 3

Nativism Resurges (cont.) The fear and prejudice that many felt toward Germans and communists during and after World War I expanded to include all immigrants. This triggered a general rise in racism and nativism. Many Americans reacted to the bombings, strikes, and recession of the postwar years by blaming immigrants. European Immigration, 1900–1924 Section 3

Nativism Resurges (cont.) The controversial Sacco-Vanzetti case reflected the prejudices and fears of the era. After two men robbed and murdered two employees of a shoe factory, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were arrested. The newspapers revealed that the two men were anarchists. The murder evidence was questionable, but the two men were executed. European Immigration, 1900–1924 Section 3

Nativism Resurges (cont.) William J. Simmons founded the new Ku Klux Klan in Georgia, in 1915. The Klan began to decline in the late 1920s, however, as a result of scandals and power struggles between its leaders. American immigration policies changed in response to the postwar recession and nativist pleas to “Keep America American.” In 1921, President Harding signed the Emergency Quota Act. Section 3

Nativism Resurges (cont.) In 1924, the National Origins Act made immigration restriction a permanent policy. Mexican immigrants were able to fill the need for cheap labor because the National Origins Act of 1924 exempted natives of the Western Hemisphere from the quota system. Section 3

The Klan targeted which of the following groups? A. African Americans B. Catholics C. Jews D. Groups said to be “un-American” E. All of the above A B C D E Section 3

A Clash of Cultures Supporters of the new morality in the 1920s clashed with those who supported more traditional values. Section 3

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) Challenging traditional ways of behaving, the new morality glorified youth and personal freedom and changed American society. Having won the right to vote in 1920, many women sought to break free of the traditional roles and behaviors that were expected of them. Attitudes toward marriage changed considerably. Women Earning College Degrees Section 3

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) The following elements played a role in the new morality: Freudian psychology the automobile women in the workforce fashion women in college Women Earning College Degrees Section 3

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) Many professional women made major contributions in science, medicine, law, and literature in the 1920s. Public health nurse Margaret Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921 to promote knowledge about birth control. Women Earning College Degrees Section 3

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) While many Americans embraced the new morality, others feared that the country was losing its traditional values. Many of these people, especially in rural towns, responded by joining a religious movement known as Fundamentalism. Fundamentalists believed that the Bible was literally true and without error. In particular, they rejected Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. Section 3

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) Instead, they believed in creationism. In 1925, Tennessee outlawed any teaching that denied “the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible,” or taught that “man descended from a lower order of animals.” The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) advertised for a teacher willing to be arrested for teaching evolution. Section 3

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) John T. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100. The conviction was later overturned on a technicality. People supported the prohibition of alcohol sales for many reasons—some for religious reasons; others thought it would reduce unemployment, domestic violence, and poverty. Murder Rate, 1920–1940 Section 3

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) Prohibition supporters achieved their goal when the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified in January of 1920. Congress passed the Volstead Act, making the U.S. Treasury Department responsible for enforcing Prohibition. Section 3

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) The Treasury Department struggled to enforce Prohibition. People flocked to speakeasies. Bootlegging was common in rural areas. Organized crime, led by people such as Al Capone, thrived on the illegal trade of alcohol. Section 3

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) The Twenty-first Amendment, ratified in 1933, repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and ended Prohibition. Section 3

In the fashion world, which type of woman personified the changes of the time? A. A judge B. A flapper C. A housewife D. A mother A B C D Section 3

Section 3-End

Big Ideas Culture and Beliefs Through sharing in the arts and sports of the time, Americans embraced new ways of thinking. Section 4-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary bohemian mass media diverse unify Section 4-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify Carl Sandburg Willa Cather Ernest Hemingway F. Scott Fitzgerald Edith Wharton Section 4-Key Terms

Section 4-Polling Question Do the arts play a large role in reflecting American history and culture? A. Yes B. No A B Section 4-Polling Question

Arts and Literature New York City’s Greenwich Village and Chicago’s South Side became known as centers for new artistic work. Section 4

Arts and Literature (cont.) During the 1920s, American artists and writers challenged traditional ideas. The artistic and bohemian lifestyle of Manhattan’s Greenwich Village and Chicago’s South Side allowed young artists, musicians, and writers greater freedom to express themselves. Section 4

Arts and Literature (cont.) European art movements greatly influenced the modernists of American art. Perhaps most striking was the diverse range of artistic styles, each attempting to express the individual, modern experience. Section 4

Arts and Literature (cont.) Some famous artists from this time period included: John Marin Charles Scheeler Edward Hopper Georgia O’Keeffe Section 4

Arts and Literature (cont.) Poets and writers of the 1920s varied greatly in their styles and subject matter. Some famous poets and writers: Carl Sandburg Willa Cather Edna St. Vincent Millay Gertrude Stein Ezra Pound Section 4

Arts and Literature (cont.) Amy Lowell William Carlos Williams T.S. Eliot Eugene O’Neill Sinclair Lewis F. Scott Fitzgerald Edith Wharton Section 4

Arts and Literature (cont.) Some writers, known as the “Lost Generation,” moved to Paris or other cities in Europe. They often wrote about “heroic antiheroes”—flawed individuals who still had heroic qualities. Ernest Hemingway was one such writer. Section 4

A B C D Who wrote The Great Gatsby? A. Eugene O’Neill B. Sinclair Lewis C. F. Scott Fitzgerald D. Edith Wharton A B C D Section 4

Popular Culture Broadcast radio and “talking” pictures were new forms of popular entertainment. Section 4

Popular Culture (cont.) For many Americans in the 1920s, nothing quite matched the allure of motion pictures. In 1927, the golden age of Hollywood began when the first “talking” picture—The Jazz Singer—was produced. Entertainment programs broadcast over the radio also had a large following during the Jazz Age. Section 4

Popular Culture (cont.) The mass media helped break down patterns of provincialism and fostered a sense of shared experience that helped unify the nation and spread new ideas and attitudes. Thanks to motion pictures and radio, sports such as baseball and boxing reached new heights of popularity in the 1920s. Section 4

Popular Culture (cont.) Some famous sports personalities included: Babe Ruth Jack Dempsey Red Grange Bobby Jones Bill Tilen Helen Wills Gertrude Ederle Section 4

A B C D Which of the following people was a famous football star? A. Jack Dempsey B. Red Grange C. Bobby Jones D. Bill Tilen A B C D Section 4

Section 4-End

Big Ideas Group Action The artistic and political contributions of African Americans changed American society. Section 5-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary jazz blues symbolize impact ongoing Section 5-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify Great Migration Harlem Renaissance Claude McKay Langston Hughes Zora Neale Hurston Cotton Club Marcus Garvey Section 5-Key Terms

Section 5-Polling Question Do you feel that the music you listen to today is inspired by music of the past? A. Yes B. No A B Section 5-Polling Question

The Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance sparked new trends in literature, music, and art. Section 5

The Harlem Renaissance (cont.) During World War I and the 1920s, hundreds of thousands of African Americans joined in the Great Migration from the rural South to industrial cities in the North. In Harlem, African American artistic development, racial pride, and political organization thrived. The result was a flowering of African American arts that became known as the Harlem Renaissance. The Great Migration, 1917–1930 Section 5

The Harlem Renaissance (cont.) Famous writers from the Harlem Renaissance: Claude McKay Langston Hughes Zora Neale Hurston Countee Cullen Alain Locke Dorothy West Nella Larsen Section 5

The Harlem Renaissance (cont.) When New Orleans native Louis Armstrong moved to Chicago in 1922, he introduced an improvisational early form of jazz. He became the first great cornet and trumpet soloist in jazz music. Ragtime also influenced the composer, pianist, and bandleader Edward “Duke” Ellington, who listened as a teenager to ragtime piano players in Washington, D.C. Section 5

The Harlem Renaissance (cont.) Like many other African American entertainers, Ellington got his start at the Cotton Club. Bessie Smith seemed to symbolize soul. She sang of unfulfilled love, poverty, and oppression—the classic themes of the blues. Section 5

The Harlem Renaissance (cont.) The theater was also flourishing during this time. Shuffle Along, the first musical written, produced, and performed by African Americans, made its Broadway debut in 1921. The show’s success helped launch a number of careers, including those of Florence Mills and Paul Robeson. Section 5

The Harlem Renaissance (cont.) Perhaps the most daring performer of the era, Josephine Baker transformed a childhood knack for flamboyance into a career as a well-known singer and dancer. Section 5

Which of the following people first gained recognition as an athlete at Rutgers? A. Paul Robeson B. Florence Mills C. Bessie Smith D. Duke Ellington A B C D Section 5

African Americans and 1920s Politics While the NAACP pursued racial equality through the courts, black nationalists supported independence and separation from whites. Section 5

African Americans and 1920s Politics (cont.) World War I set the stage for African Americans to reenter federal politics in the United States, although perhaps not in the way many expected. African Americans became a powerful voting bloc that could sometimes sway the outcome of elections. In 1928 African American voters in Chicago helped elect Oscar DePriest, the first African American representative in Congress from a Northern state. Section 5

African Americans and 1920s Politics (cont.) The NAACP battled valiantly—but often unsuccessfully—against segregation and discrimination against African Americans. They also lobbied and protested against the horrors of lynching. One of the NAACP’s greatest political triumphs occurred in 1930 with the defeat of Judge John J. Parker’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court. Section 5

African Americans and 1920s Politics (cont.) A dynamic black leader from Jamaica, Marcus Garvey, captured the imagination of millions of African Americans with his “Negro Nationalism,” which glorified the black culture and traditions. Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), an organization aimed at promoting black pride and unity. Section 5

African Americans and 1920s Politics (cont.) He thought that African Americans could gain economic and political power by education themselves, as well as separating themselves from whites. President Coolidge used Garvey’s immigrant status to have him deported to Jamaica; however, he had instilled a sense of pride in African Americans and inspired hope for the future. Section 5

Which party did most African Americans in the North vote for in the 1920s? A. Republican B. Democratic A B Section 5

Section 5-End

Causes of Prosperity Government’s Role Limits interference with business Cuts taxes, debt, and government spending Imposes higher tariffs to protect young industries VS 1

Causes of Prosperity Business Innovation and Technology Mass production creates a wide range of consumer goods sold at low prices. Technology such as autos, airplanes, and radio leads to new industries and economic growth. Business pays high wages. VS 1

Causes of Prosperity New Consumer Society People have more disposable income and leisure time Credit is more readily available Mass advertising begins VS 1

A Changing Society Cultural Changes A new youth culture with a “new morality” develops. Young people and women gain more independence. The working class enjoys more leisure time. New mass media in radio, movies, and sports develops. VS 2

A Changing Society Changes for African Americans Harlem Renaissance begins. Literature reveals racial pride and contempt of racism. Jazz and blues are popularized. Great Migration during the war creates strong African American voting blocs in Northern cities. First African American from the North is elected to Congress. NAACP battles segregation and discrimination. VS 2

A Changing Society Opposition to Change Nativists and a new Ku Klux Klan target immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and African Americans. Government imposes new quotas on immigration. Fundamentalists push for traditional values. Prohibition is implemented. VS 2

VS-End

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supply-side economics economic theory that lower taxes will boost the economy as businesses and individuals invest their money, thereby creating higher tax revenue Vocab1

cooperative individualism President Hoover’s policy of encouraging manufacturers and distributors to form their own organizations and volunteer information to the federal government in an effort to stimulate the economy Vocab2

isolationism  a national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs Vocab3

investigation  a systematic examination or official inquiry Vocab4

revelation  an act of revealing to view or making known Vocab5

mass production  the production of large quantities of goods using machinery and often an assembly line Vocab6

assembly line  a production system with machines and workers arranged so that each person performs an assigned task again and again as the item passes before him or her Vocab7

Model T  automobile built by the Ford Motor Company from 1908 until 1927 Vocab8

welfare capitalism  system in which companies enable employees to buy stock, participate in profit sharing, and receive benefits such as medical care common in the 1920s Vocab9

open shop a workplace where workers are not required to join a union Vocab10

disposable  referring to the money remaining to an individual after deduction of taxes Vocab11

credit  an amount or sum of money placed at a person’s disposal by a bank on condition that it will be repaid with interest Vocab12

nativism  hostility toward immigrants Vocab13

anarchist person who believes that there should be no government Vocab14

evolution  the scientific theory that humans and other forms of life have evolved over time Vocab15

creationism  the belief that God created the world and everything in it, usually in the way described in the book of Genesis Vocab16

speakeasy  a place where alcoholic beverages are sold illegally Vocab17

source  the point at which something is provided Vocab18

deny  to declare untrue Vocab19

bohemian  a person (as an artist or a writer) leading an unconventional lifestyle Vocab20

mass media  a medium of communication (as in television and radio) intended to reach a wide audience Vocab21

diverse  being different from one another Vocab22

unify to bring a group together with a similar goal or thought pattern Vocab23

jazz  American style of music that developed from ragtime and blues and that uses syncopated rhythms and melodies Vocab24

blues  style of music evolving from African American spirituals and noted for its melancholy sound and themes Vocab25

symbolize  to represent, express, or identify by a symbol Vocab26

impact to make a lasting impression upon an individual or group Vocab27

ongoing  being actually in process; continuing Vocab28

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