Department of Social Policy of Panteion University Centre for Gender Studies V. Langbakk Director of the European Institute for Gender Equality 1 Are we on the way to real gender equality? Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University8/25/2015

Layout of the presentation: EU agencies, EIGE and its mandate Current challenges for Gender Equality in Europe EIGE’s contribution to some of the areas of gender equality work in the European Union Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University28/25/2015

Agencies: context information EU decentralised agencies are independent bodies, entrusted by the European Institutions with one or several tasks which they undertake under their own responsibility. Agencies are almost entirely funded by an EU budget subsidy, except where the resources originate from invoicing services. Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University38/25/2015

WHY EIGE ? The Institute should carry out tasks that the existing institutions do not deal with at a European level, specifically in the areas of the centralisation and dissemination of information, co- ordination of research, provision of visibility to gender issues, and the construction of tools for mainstreaming. European Commission, Feasibility Study for a European Gender Institute, Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University48/25/2015

Need is for a technical institution that can collect and disseminate information which is currently scattered across Europe and is difficult to access systematically. A European body that can make use of and add value to the work carried out at Member State level. European Commission, Feasibility Study for a European Gender Institute, Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University5 WHY EIGE ? 8/25/2015

Structure Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University68/25/2015

COLLECT PROCESS PRODUCE DISSEMINATE Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University78/25/2015

NEW PREMISES Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University 8 Pilot agency to share the premises with the European Parliament Information Office and the European Commission Representation in Lithuania will build synergies, reduce maintenance costs and increase the visibility of the EU 8/25/2015

Parity in decision-making Women only make up 35% of members of the European Parliament, and 33% of the European Commission. Data base on women and men in decision-making. (Data base on women and men in decision-making Only 2% of ministers are women, In decision-making, women currently only occupy 35% of senior positions within government ministries. At the very top level positions, there are merely 26% present. (Women and men in decision-making: highlights (Fourth quarter 2010) Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University98/25/2015

Women in high-level positions related to climate change in national ministries competent for environment, transport and energy, by sector, EU 27, 2011 Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University10 Source: Data collected from Member States in August - October /25/2015

Participation in the labour market Having children affects the employment rates of women and men differently. Women's participation in the labour market drops by an average of 12% whereas men participate 9.1% more. Report on Equality between women and men 2010, European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Unit G.1. Manuscript completed in December Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University118/25/2015

Level of Employment In 2008, men with children under 12 had a significantly higher employment rate than those without, 91.6% vs. 84.8%, a positive difference of 6.8 % whereas women had a significantly lower employment rate than those without, 67% and 78.5% respectively, a negative difference of 11.5 %. Report on Equality between women and men 2010, European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Unit G.1. Manuscript completed in December Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University128/25/2015

"… If you asked me if I would stay at home with the kids and she would go to work, I find this unimaginable and I wouldn't like this… In fact, yes, this would be humiliating for me to know that my wife is the breadwinner. But also because I think that children need their mother more in the early years than their fathers". A man from Hungary, 22 years old Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University138/25/2015

"… I am upset that people still think in these terms, that they do not want to move further. They are not aware of the fact that some women do want to be placed only in the domestic sphere simply because everyone expects them to do so, that this is the society pressure… [Also women] are educated in this way since their childhood. They are not aware of other possibilities." A woman from Slovakia, 23 years old Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University148/25/2015

Care for children and dependent elderly In the EU, around 30% of working-age women with care responsibilities are inactive or work part-time because of the lack of care services for children and other dependent persons. Report on Equality between women and men 2010, European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities. Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University158/25/2015

The impact of parenthood on women’s and men’s employment rates 84% of men who either have one or more children, or their wife/partner is expecting a child - have neither considered nor taken parental leave. Provisional figure, sourced from Eurostat, Table reference: Gender pay gap in unadjusted form in % [tsiem040]. Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University168/25/2015

Gender Gap in time used in paid and unpaid work (70 and more hours per week), 2005 and 2010 Source: Eurofound, EWCS Note: a positive gap indicates more hours for women in comparison with men, while the opposite is true for a positive.

Gender-based violence % of all women have experienced physical violence at least once during their adult lives and more than 10% have suffered sexual violence involving the use of force. (EWL, Unveiling the hidden data on domestic violence in the EU, 1999; Combating violence against women: Stocktaking study on the measures and actions taken in Council of Europe Member States, 2006 ) Between 40 and 50% of women in the European Union report some form of sexual harassment in the workplace (European Commission: Sexual harassment at the workplace in the European Union (Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999) Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University188/25/2015

Women and the media There are four men for every woman who receive news coverage. In Europe, women are central to a news story only 10% of the time. Only 32% of main TV characters are female. Global Media Monitoring Project 2005, Who makes the news?, 2005, available at: en-2005.pdfhttp:// en-2005.pdf ; Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University198/25/2015

Women and the media Women athletes only secure between 2-9% of television airtime devoted to sports. Only 10% of European politicians in the news are women, women make up only 16% of experts and 14% of spokespersons. Wierstra, R., Breasts, Butts, Balkenende, Hilversum, Bureau Beeldvorming en Diversiteit, Global Media Monitoring Project 2005.; Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University208/25/2015

21 Of a total of 543 Nobel prizes and prizes in Economic Sciences awarded since 1901, only 41 have been awarded to women. She Figures Statistics and Indicators on Gender Equality in Science. European Commission Directorate-General for Research Communication Unit. EUR EN. Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University 8/25/2015

Sciences and technologies Women account for only 36 % of graduates in science, maths, informatics and engineering (Report on Equality between women and men 2010, European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Unit G.1. Manuscript completed in December 2009) The fields of science, mathematics, computing and particularly engineering, manufacturing and construction is characterised by higher numbers of male PhD holders with women representing less than 25%. (She Figures Statistics and Indicators on Gender Equality in Science. European Commission Directorate-General for Research Communication Unit. EUR EN.) Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University228/25/2015

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24 59% of women are university graduates, whereas 82% of men are full professors. Only 19 % of grade A academic professors in public universities are women. The proportion of women full professors is highest in humanities and in the social sciences (27% and 18.6%) and lowest in engineering and technology (7.2%). European Commission, She Figures 2009 – Statistics and Indicators on Gender Equality in Science, 2009, available at: Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University 8/25/2015

25 Only 13% of institutions in higher education are headed by women and just 9% of universities are led by a woman. On average in the EU-27, only 22% of board members of universities and research institutes are women. European Commission, She Figures 2009 – Statistics and Indicators on Gender Equality in Science, 2009, available at: society/document_library/pdf_06/she_figures_2009_en.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/research/science- society/document_library/pdf_06/she_figures_2009_en.pdf Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University 8/25/2015

SUPPORT TO BETTER-INFORMED DECISION- MAKING reports, 4 Main Findings for Polish, Danish, Cypriot and Irish Presidencies of the EU Council 8/25/2015Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University26

SUPPORT TO BETTER-INFORMED DECISION-MAKING Four new Beijing indicators: women’s participation in climate change-related decision making and segmentation of tertiary education by gender in scientific and technical fields endorsed the EPSCO Council in June New sets of comparable and reliable data at EU level: on women’s participation in climate change-related decision making in the public sector at the national, EU and international levels. on range, number, extent, use of services available for women victims of intimate partner violence. Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University 278/25/2015

Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University 28 EIGE’S DATABASE: ‘WOMEN AND MEN IN THE EU. FACTS AND FIGURES’ 8/25/2015

SUPPORT TO BETTER-INFORMED DECISION- MAKING Online database of gender trainers and training organisations (over 200). Online database of gender training resources (over 200, in different languages) Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University 298/25/2015

STUDIES ON GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE Study on area D of the Beijing Platform for Action: Violence against Women in the EU Collection of methods, tools and good practices in the field of domestic violence Identifying and mapping existing data, statistics and resources on sexual violence against women in the EU Mapping the current situation and trends of female genital mutilation Mapping gender- based violence administrative sources across EU MS and Croatia International activities in the field of data collection on gender-based violence across the EU 8/25/2015Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University30

Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University 31 DATABASE on 8/25/2015

SUPPORT TO BETTER-INFORMED DECISION- MAKING publications, factsheets and main findings 6 studies on Gender-based violence New databases: ‘Men and Gender Equality’ FGM: policies (320) legal documents (270) methods, tools and good practices (600) Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University 328/25/2015

Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University 33 More than 170,000 records available online in several areas of gender equality work More than 26,000 records on GBV available on line Partnerships established with documentation centres from 5 MS EU House 8/25/2015

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EU agencies on Facebook Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University 36 #EU agencyNumber of “likes” 1 European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) European Environment Agency (EEA)6733 3European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE)3064 5European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop) European Training Foundation (ETF) European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (EUROFOUND) European Union Institute for Security Studies (ISS)) European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders (FRONTEX) 778 8/25/2015

Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University 378/25/2015

GENDER EQUALITY INDEX FOR THE EU The choice of domains Based on a thorough analysis of: – EU Treaties – International framework agreements – EU policy documents – Key equality theoretical frameworks 8/25/2015Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University38

GENDER EQUALITY INDEX FOR THE EU Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University 39 Gender Equality in the EU Policy Framework WorkMoneyKnowledgeTimePowerHealth Intersecting inequalities Violence 8/25/2015

Work Experience of women and men within the domain of work vary significantly: – lower participation of women – greater segregation – lower levels of quality of work for women (work-life balance, health and safety at work, well being, career advancement) 8/25/2015 Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University Work Participation Segregation Quality of work 40

Money Gender pay gap: women earn less than men Women receive lower pensions and incomes Women are much more at risk of poverty than men 8/25/2015 Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University Money Financial Resources Economic Situation 41

Knowledge A greater proportion of young women now reach at least upper secondary school and women outnumber men as university graduates Patterns of segregation: – lower levels of literacy for boys, higher grades at final school examinations for girls – women enter male-dominated fields, contrary untrue. – greatest segregation in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) Participation in life-long learning 8/25/2015 Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University Knowledge Educational attainment Segregation Life-long learning 42

Time Economic Social Care Time Economic activities stable for men, sharp increase for women historically Slightly less leisure time for women couple with lower quality of leisure time Women involved in care activities to much greater extent than men Decreasing differences between women and men, due to women’s reduced involvement rather than men’s greater contribution 8/25/2015 Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University 43

Power 8/25/2015 Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University Power Political Social Economic Democratic deficit in the EU at all levels Low proportion of women in social areas: – top positions on scientific boards – professors at university levels – judiciary Under-representation in economic power: – boards of quoted companies – financial institutions such as central banks 44

Health Women live longer, but shorter healthy life years Men are greater risks: – murders, dying in a car accident, smoking and drinking, engaging in unsafe sex Women more likely to access health structures, but position in households can deprive them of access to health. 8/25/2015 Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University Health Status Behavioural Use 45

Violence Gender-based violence affects between up to a quarter of women in their lifetime, including physical, sexual or psychological harm Lack of progress in the area of gender equality has been attributed to a lack of attention to the cultural norms and attitudes that underpin gendered practices 8/25/2015 Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University Violence Direct Indirect 46

Connections between domains Conceptual framework loosely follows the development of gender equality policy at EU level 8/25/2015 Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University Social representation Power Time Human capital Knowledge Health Human/fundamental rights perspective Intersecting inequalities Violence Economic perspective Work Money 47

SUPPORT BETTER INFORMED DECISION-MAKING Developing reliable and comparable data: Gender Equality Index Database on Beijing Indicators Providing reliable information and data on gender-based violence and identifying existing gaps. Developing an analytical tool that identifies the benefits of gender equality. Providing access to a processed and validated database of tools, methods and good practices for gender mainstreaming. 8/25/2015Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University48

Making equality between women and men a reality for all Europeans and beyond EIGE becomes the European competence centre on gender equality issues Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University498/25/2015

Contacts Virginija Langbakk- Director Jolanta Reingarde – Senior Researcher European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) Gedimino pr Vilnius, Lithuania Therese Murphy – Head of Operations Barbara Limanowska- Senior expert on Gender mainstreaming 8/25/2015Centre for Gender Studies, Panteion University50