Air Quality Planning for Ozone and PM 2.5 May 4, 2006 Georgia Air Quality Summit

Policy Development  Identify menu of control options to be considered  Consider regulatory and practical implications along with costs, benefits, & sensitivities  Develop and implement regulations and policies Air Quality Modeling  Meteorology, emissions & photochemistry for base & future  Sensitivity analysis of responses to various controls by location and species  Impact (relative reduction factor) of overall strategy Cost Assessment  Evaluate cost-effectiveness ($/ton) of each control option Benefit Assessment  Evaluate health and other benefits of control strategy Individual measures, overall strategy to model Sensitivity to controls; Impact & attainment (Y/N) of overall strategy Iterative search for additional measures Control measures to be evaluated Estimated $/ton of each measure Modeled base & controlled pollutant concentrations Morbidity/mortality averted, visibility improved, etc. due to control strategy Integrated Approach to Air Quality Attainment

Policy Development  Identify menu of control options to be considered  Consider regulatory and practical implications along with costs, benefits, & sensitivities  Develop and implement regulations and policies Air Quality Modeling  Meteorology, emissions & photochemistry for base & future  Sensitivity analysis of responses to various controls by location and species  Impact (relative reduction factor) of overall strategy Cost Assessment  Evaluate cost-effectiveness ($/ton) of each control option Benefit Assessment  Evaluate health and other benefits of control strategy Individual measures, overall strategy to model Sensitivity to controls; Impact & attainment (Y/N) of overall strategy Iterative search for additional measures Control measures to be evaluated Estimated $/ton of each measure Modeled base & controlled pollutant concentrations Morbidity/mortality averted, visibility improved, etc. due to control strategy Integrated Approach to Air Quality Attainment The focus of this presentation

Multi-pollutant Attainment Planning How can we objectively evaluate disparate control options, impacting different precursors, sectors, and locations? NO x SO 2 PM 2.5 Ozone Acid deposition N deposition Human health Visibility Ecosystems and crops PM VOC NH 3 Source Emission Ambient Impact Societal Impact Attainment Hg

Ozone (O 3 ) Major component of photochemical smog Secondary Pollutant NO x + VOCs + sunlight  Ozone Formed during the daytime Chemistry is well known Highest concentrations in the Summer High temperatures Stagnant Winds

8-hr Non-attainment areas

Emission Sectors Coal-Fired Power Plants 7 GA Power Plants: Bowen in Cartersville, Branch in Putnam Co., Hammond in Rome, McDonough in Smyrna, Scherer in Monroe Co., Wansley in Heard Co., Yates in Newnan Other Point Sources 72 Industrial and Institutional Facilities with Emissions Over the Major Source Threshold. Biggest NOx Sources: Natural Gas Transmission, Cement, Glass, Fiberglass Insulation, Recycled Paper, Brewery, Vegetable Oil, Airline Maintenance, Bricks, Universities Area Sources Smaller Industrial & Institutional Facilities, Residential Furnaces & Hot Water Heaters, Office Buildings (furnaces, boilers, generators), Restaurants. Etc. Non-Road Mobile Fuel Burning Equipment not on the Road: Examples: tractors, planes, portable commercial generators, construction equipment, lawn mowers, trains, off-road recreational vehicles, boats On-Road Mobile Cars & Trucks that Drive on the Road

NOx Emissions by Sector 20 counties + power plants (tons per year) 2002 CERR data, except Coal Fired Power Plants which is 2003 CEMS data

Current Ozone Controls Georgia Gas Inspection 7 Maintenance/ Enhanced I&M Open Burning Ban NOx & VOC RACT/Expanded RACT Stationary Source NOx & VOC rules Stationary Source NOx & VOC SIP permit conditions Partnership for a Smog Free Georgia NSR/Expanded NSR Power Plant Controls New Equipment Rules

Effectiveness of New Controls Sensitivity is the modeled effect on an ambient monitor from specific source of emissions Sensitivities determined for: –New control equipment for Electric Generating Units (EGUs) –NOx reductions from all sources except EGUs –Inspection & Maintenance Results can be scaled

Sensitivity Avg response (ppb) ppt/TPD reduction 10% Atlanta NO x (20 counties) % Atlanta NO x (5 counties) Atlanta I&M NO x (7 new counties) % Atlanta VOC (20 counties) % Atlanta VOC (5 counties) SCRs at Plant McDonough SCRs at Plant Scherer SCRs at Plant Branch SCRs at Plant Hammond SCRs at Plant Yates Ozone at Confederate Avenue

*Days where base case (2002) above 85 ppb **10% reduction from 2009 levels Sensitivity Avg response (ppb)* ppt/TPD reduction 10% Atlanta NO x (20 counties)** % Atlanta NO x (5 counties)** Atlanta I&M NO x (7 new counties) % Atlanta VOC (20 counties)** % Atlanta VOC (5 counties)** Plant McDonough (2 SCRs) Plant Scherer (4 SCRs) Plant Branch (2 SCRs) Plant Hammond (3 SCRs) Plant Yates (2 SCRs) Ozone at Douglasville

Clean Air Interstate Rule CAIR Federal Rule for the abatement of the regional transport of Ozone and PM 2.5 in 28 Eastern States 70% reduction in SO 2 and 60% reduction in NOx when fully implemented (from 2003 levels) Cap and Trade program for NOx and SO 2 emissions per ton Only Electrical Generating Units Subject to Rule Responsible for reducing the SO2 contribution of PM 2.5 Georgia is only subject to the PM 2.5 provisions of CAIR (i.e. no summer NOx budget)

NOx RACT Reasonably Available Control Technology for Stationary Sources 16 Facilities in 20 County area with a NOx PTE over 100 TPY (excluding Hartsfield) 6 have Actual emission over 100 TPY –Four have previously undergone RACT –The remaining two are NG fueled and have several small sources 3 Facilities (largest) have potential for reasonable reductions –Caraustar tpy ( hr Ozone SIP) –Ownens Brockway tpy (previous RACT) –Transcontinental Station 120 – 2,374 tpy ( hr Ozone SIP)

Inspection & Maintenance –I&M Assessed for 7 new Atlanta Area non- attainment counties (Barrow, Bartow, Carroll, Hall, Newton, Spalding & Walton) NOx Reduction of 3.17 tons per summer day across all 7 counties Initiate 2008 Actual benefits realized in 2009

Railyards/Locomotives Most Feasible Control Options – Potential Reductions –Idling Control/APU – 1,610 tpy NOx –Switcher replacements – 584 tpy NOx –SCR retrofits – 210 tpy NOx Data based on AHDVEIES study by GA Tech– Atlanta Heavy Duty Vehicle and Equipment Inventory and Emissions Study

Truck Stop Electrification TSE 17 Truck Stops in the Atlanta NAA Over 1,500 parking spaces Each space has NOx potential of 7.14 lb- NOx/day PTE = 5.4 tpd, 1,955 tpy Example Rule requiring 20% electrification could result in potential 1.1 tpd reduction in NOx

Additional Possible NOx Controls Mobile on-road and non-road diesel controls Traffic Management Mass Transit Additional Open Burning Restrictions Extend stationary source controls outside of Non-Attainment area

Particulate Matter Microscopic and submicroscopic particles (solid or liquid) that exist in the atmosphere PM 2.5 refers to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 mm PM consists of multiple pollutants Primary and Secondary –Precursors include SO 2, NO x, NH 3, VOC PM chemistry and dynamics is a developing science

PM 2.5 Nonattainment areas

PM 2.5 Speciation - Atlanta

PM Emission Sectors of Concern Coal/Oil fired Stationary Sources –Electric Generating Units (EGU) – Subject to CAIR –Non-EGUs – Subject to RACT Diesel Burning Mobile Sources –On-road – trucks, buses –Off-road – construction, agriculture, airports, rail Open Burning Commercial Cooking

Possible Mobile Diesel Control Measures Incentive Programs – Grant/Loan program for clean equipment purchases & retrofits Clean Contracting – State contracts that require use of clean equipment School Bus Retrofits State-wide anti-idling regulation Traffic Management – Truck only lanes, reduced speed limits, rerouting, managed lanes

Atlanta-Hartsfield Airport 2002 NOx Emissions –Aircraft 5,151 tpy –Auxiliary Power Units (APU) 137 tpy –Ground Support Equipment (GSE) 589 tpy Possible Controls –Mandatory Electrification of APUs –Electrification, Alt fuels for GSE –Various Aircraft/Air traffic management strategies Emissions impact of ground access transportation not assessed –Studies show that this contribution can equal over 60% of all other emissions –Alt fuels, anit-idling, congestion mitigation are possible approaches Caveat – Newer, “Cleaner,” more fuel-efficient aircraft engines actually produce higher levels of NOx

Regional Haze Rule – BART Federal Rule for Visibility Improvement in Class I Areas BART – Best Achievable Retrofit Technology Major sources >250 tons per year Built between 1962 and source categories, including EGUs & industrial boilers, kraft pulp mills, and refineries Must include a Smoke Management Plan

BART Review Factors 1.Technology available 2.The costs of compliance 3.The energy and non-air quality environmental impacts of compliance 4.Any pollution control equipment already in use or existence at the source. 5.The remaining useful life of the source

Additional Possible PM Controls Agriculture Construction Fuels Fireplaces & Woodstoves In addition to benefits from Ozone control strategies

Questions?? Jim Kelly GA EPD Air Protection Branch (404) Georgiaair.org