Verbs

Sentence = Subject + Predicate Predicate = the VERB Verb = tells what the subject of the sentence is, has, does, or feels  Mary works at the hospital.  She loves her job.  She helps the doctor.  She treats the patients.

Action Verbs Physical action that can be seen by other people The girl runs around the neighborhood. He eats the potato chips. Mental action that cannot be seen I like the book better than the movie. We decided to go to the beach.

Being Verbs Express a state of being Do not refer to an action of any sort Simply tell what the subject is Chelsea is the veterinarian's assistant. She seems afraid of the dogs. One dog looks angry. The dogs are hungry.

Common Being Verbs Chart from page 100 in your textbook. Forms of be:am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been Other Being Verbsappear, become, feel, grow, look, seem, remain, smell, sound, stay, taste Try It Out – pg. 101

Linking Verbs A linking verb links, or connects, the subject with a noun or an adjective in the predicate that names or describes the subject. Coby is a dog. Coby is small.

Underline the linking verb & draw an arrow showing which words are linked by the verb. The huge diamond mine is now a museum. The farm animals looked quite content.

Linking Verbs Some verbs can function as either linking verbs or action verbs Linking Verbs  The laundry smells fresh.  The patient felt tired. Action Verbs  The woman smells the perfume.  She felt the patient’s forehead.

To Help You Decide… Try substituting is or are for the verb – if the sentence still makes sense, the verb is most likely a linking verb The cats look scared. (The cats are scared) The dog’s bark sounds vicious. (The dog’s bark is vicious.) Try It Out – pg. 102

Action or Linking Verb He resigned in 1779 because of ill health. Burr and Alexander Hamilton were longtime enemies. Gary came from a well-known family.

Capybaras (from page 103) Capybaras, which look like their guinea pig cousins, are much bigger. They sometimes reach 140 pounds and grow four feet high and four feet long. One feature seems odd: they have fourteen toes, four on each front foot.

Capybaras continued… These large rodents thrive in South America, and they often live to ten years in the wild. They communicate with one another by whistles and barks, which sound strange indeed. Grasses taste great to capybaras; they chomp on plants almost twenty-four hours a day!

Verb Phrases Verb phrase = a group of words that acts as a single verb  One or more helping verbs followed by a main verb  The main verb expresses the action or state of being  Tiny water droplets have been gathering.  They will form a cloud.

Common Helping Verbs Be, am, is, are Was, were, been Has, have, had Does, do, did Can, could Shall, should Will, would Might, may

Underline the verb phrase. My classmates and I will soon be computer experts. Can you believe my good fortune? I was surfing the Internet in the computer lab.

Underline verb phrase, Circle the helping verb Perhaps we should learn more about birth celebrations in other countries. Families will sometimes buy a cake for a birthday party.

Some verbs can be either main verbs OR helping verbs… Helping  It is raining outside.  I have bought new boots. Main  The street is wet.  They have wooly linings.

Sometimes… …other words come between the parts of a verb phrase  The sun will soon have disappeared behind the clouds.  Can you see any blue sky?  I have not been outside lately.  Don’t go out in this weather.  Not and it’s contraction are not part of the verb phrase Try It Out  pg. 105

What is not part of the verb phrase? Please don’t forget my address. We will probably exchange s all summer long.

Summing Up A verb phrase is a group of words functioning as a single verb. The main verb in a verb phrase expresses the action or the state of being. The other verbs are helping verbs. On your own  pg

Simple Verb Tenses TENSE of the verb identifies when something occurs Present tense -> study Past tense -> studied Future tense -> will study Rules for Forming Verb Tenses (pg. 107)

Try It Out pg. 108, #’s 1-13

Be, have, and do There are NO simple rules for forming the tenses of be, have, and do behavedo Singular subjects: I You He, she, it (or singular noun) (present, past) am, was are, were is, was (present, past) have, had has, had (present, past) do, did does, did Plural subjects: We You They (or plural noun) (present, past) are, were (present, past) have, had (present, past) do, did

First a seed was planted in the soil. After a few days, the seed had opened. Did the stem split the seed in two? This seed has already been split.

Kidney beans ______ first cultivated in South and Central America. (be – past) Michigan _______ manufactured over 700 million pounds of dry beans this year. (have – present) Aimee, ______ you know it is not illegal to kill a praying mantis? (do – present)

Let’s Review… Pg. 112 – “Restaurant Reviews”

Perfect Tenses Every verb has 4 basic forms called Principal Parts:  the present (or base)  the present participle  the past  the past participle Let’s look at the chart in your book on page 113

Principal Parts VerbPresent ParticiplePastPast Participle Paint(is) paintingpainted(has) painted Guess(is) guessingguessed(has) guessed Carry(is) carryingcarried(has) carried Love(is) lovingloved(has) loved Plan(is) planningplanned(has) planned Principal parts are NOT tenses. They are the main forms of verbs from which tenses are formed.

Perfect Tenses present perfect, past perfect, future perfect The 3 perfect tenses are made up of a form of the verb “have” and the past participle  Perfect tenses = form of “have” + past participle  “Have” is a _________ verb?

Present Perfect Tense Tells about an action that took place at an indefinite time in the past. The action may still be going on… started in the past and continues into the present  People have used computers in offices since the 1970s.

Past Perfect Tense Tells about an action in the past that was completed before another action took place.  People had used typewriters before the invention of computers.

Future Perfect Tense Tells about an action that will be completed before a specific time in the future.  People will have developed faster computers before the end of this decade.  Try It Out, pg. 114  “Summing Up”

QUIZ #2 REVIEW Simple Verb Tenses:  Present – study  Past – studied  Future – will study You will have to highlight or underline the verb in each sentence & write what tense it is. Their garden provided most of the meal.

QUIZ #2 REVIEW be, have, & do  Your colorful chart! USE IT! You will have to complete sentences with the form of the verb shown in parentheses. Potatoes __________ root vegetables. (be – present)

QUIZ #2 REVIEW You will have to circle or highlight the correct form of the verb to complete each sentence. I (am, is) not sure about that. (Has, Have) you read about the largest carrot?

QUIZ #2 REVIEW Perfect Tenses:  Present perfect: Irene has exercised today.  Past perfect: Irene had exercised before.  Future perfect: Irene will have exercised by 5:00pm.  Some hints to help you remember… Present perfect will use HAS or HAVE Past perfect will use HAD Future perfect will always have the word WILL Scientists have discovered vitamins only recently.

8. Progressive forms Express action in progress…  Poison ivy has been growing in the woods.  Richard was collecting firewood in that area.  Now his hands and arms are itching.  NOT a separate tense  Tells about continuing action in the present, the past, or the future

Progressive forms Present Progressive  We are studying plants in school now. Past Progressive  We were studying plants when the bell rang. Future Progressive  We will be studying plants again tomorrow.

Progressive forms Present Perfect Progressive  We have been studying plants for several days. Past Perfect Progressive  We had been studying plants for only a day when we had our field. Future Perfect Progressive  We will have been studying plants for weeks by the time our project is done.

Expresses action that is received by a noun or a pronoun in the predicate  The noun or pronoun that receives the action is called the DIRECT OBJECT  Peyton threw the ball to his receiver.  The crowd cheered Peyton Manning as he completed the pass. 9. Transitive Verbs

DOES NOT send its action to a noun or pronoun Therefore it does not have an object  Transitive vs. Intransitive  The crowd cheered Peyton Manning as he completed the pass.  The crowd cheered wildly. Intransitive Verbs

#3 on pg. 129  Ask yourself whom? or what? after the verb.  Cheered whom? Cheered what?  If the answer is a noun or pronoun  transitive  If there is no answer to the question  intransitive  Peyton threw the ball to his receiver.  The crowd cheered wildly. How can you tell…

Linking verbs are ALWAYS INTRANSITIVE  Do not express action  The Broncos are the winners.  The Cowboys seem confident about their win.  The Eagles are in first place now. Our old friend the linking verb…

Try It Out on pg. 130, #’s 3-8

Direct Object: noun, pronoun (or word group) that tells who or what receives the action of the verb  Rosie’s grandmother hugged her.  Rosie’s grandmother hugged whom? Her.  HER receives the action of the verb HUGGED  Did Mary read The Great Gatsby last summer?  Did Mary read what? The Great Gatsby  The Great Gatsby receives the action of the verb READ 10. Direct & Indirect Objects

Not every sentence has a Direct Object  Direct Object can never follow a verb that does not express action (linking verb, being verb)  Gary seemed happy. 10. Direct vs. Indirect Objects

Two or more direct objects that complete the meaning of the same verb  Nadine has invited Phil, Maria, and Tom to the movies.  Nadine invited whom? Phil, Maria, Tom  Phil, Maria, Tom receive the action of the verb invite Compound Direct Object

Try It Out pg. 132 #s 1-8 Find the direct object or objects in each sentence.  1. Worker bees perform many different tasks in their hive.  2. They make wax and build honeycombs.  3. They also clean the hive and guard the entrance.

 4. The larger workers collect nectar, pollen, and water and store it in the hive.  5. The smaller ones rarely leave the nest.  6. A group of worker bees surrounds the extremely important queen bee at all times.  7. The queen bee lays the eggs for the hive.  8. The workers clean her and bring special food to her.

Noun, pronoun (or word group) that usually comes between the verb and direct object Tells who or what was affected by the action  I showed Vince the fireflies. I.O. D.O.  The fireflies gave us a good show. I.O. D.O. Indirect Objects

Tells to whom or to what OR for whom or for what the verb of the action is done  The principal gave her an award.  Direct Object?  Indirect Object?  My mom sent me a card.  Direct Object?  Indirect Object? Indirect Objects

If a word follows to or for it is NOT an indirect object  I showed the fireflies to Vince.  The fireflies gave a show for us. Indirect Objects

Try It Out pg. 134 Find each object in the sentences, is it direct or direct?  15. I asked Ms. Jackson some questions about spiders. I.O. D.O.  16. She lent Mark and me a book of photographs of spider webs. On Your Own pg. 134 #’s Indirect Objects

Direct Object – NOUN or PRONOUN that answers whom or what after the verb  Mrs. Rivera offered Sally a job as a babysitter.  What is the verb? Offered  Offered whom? Or offered what? Job = D.O. REMEMBER, the D.O. is receiving the action of the verb. Ask yourself, what is being offered? Or whom is being offered?  Mr. and Mrs. Rivera showed Sally their house.  Verb?  __________ whom? Or __________ what?  __________ = D.O. Let’s Review…

Direct Object – NOUN or PRONOUN that answers whom or what after the verb  They gave the teenager instructions.  She handed Sally a number to call in case of an emergency.  Sally read Molly a book about a dragon. Let’s Review…

Indirect Object – NOUN or PRONOUN that tells to whom, for whom, to what or for what the action was done.  Mrs. Rivera offered Sally a job as a babysitter.  Verb = offered, D.O. = job  Offered job to whom? for whom? to what? OR for what?  Offered job to Sally = I.O.  Mr. and Mrs. Rivera showed Sally their house.  Verb = showed, D.O. = house  Showed to whom? for whom? to what? OR for what?  Indirect Object = Let’s Review…

Indirect Object – NOUN or PRONOUN that tells to whom, for whom, to what or for what the action was done.  They gave the teenager instructions.  She handed Sally a number to call in case of emergency.  Sally read Molly a book about a dragon. Let’s Review…

Predicate Nouns – completes the linking verb, RENAMES the subject Predicate Adjectives – completes the linking verb, DESCRIBES the subject  Let’s look back at when we discussed Linking Verbs… 11. Predicate Nouns & Predicate Adjectives

Keats was a great English poet. His poems remain popular after 150 years. Shelley and Byron were also writers of the same period. Poetry often looks different from other forms of writing. 11. Predicate Nouns & Predicate Adjectives

Active Voice – subject is the do-er of the action Tells what a person or thing does Subject performs the action, typically comes before the verb Object tells who/what receives the action, typically comes after the verb Tom changed the flat tire. 12. Active & Passive Voice

Passive Voice – subject is the receiver of the action Tells what is done to something or someone Subject performs the action, now comes after the verb, and typically follows the word “BY” Object tells who or what receives the action, now comes before the verb The flat tire was changed by Tom.

Changing ACTIVE to PASSIVE Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. We are going to watch a movie tonight. Mom read the novel in one day. I will clean the house every Saturday. Tom painted the entire house.

At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry. A movie is going to be watched by us tonight. The novel was read by mom in one day. The house will be cleaned by me every Saturday. The entire house was painted by Tom.

Changing PASSIVE to ACTIVE Extensive training on the new safety procedures was required to be attended by the maintenance staff. 1. Verb? 2. Subject? 3. Object? Now flip it & reverse it. Make the subject the do-er of the verb.

The maintenance staff was required to attend extensive training on the new safety procedures.

Changing PASSIVE to ACTIVE The video was posted on Facebook by Alex. For the bake sale, two dozen cupcakes will be baked by Susan. The baby was carried by the kangaroo in her pouch. The victory will be celebrated by the team tomorrow. The application for a new job was faxed by her. The whole suburb was destroyed by the forest fire.

Alex posted the video on Facebook. Susan will bake two dozen cupcakes for the bake sale. The kangaroo carried the baby in her pouch. The team will celebrate the victory tomorrow. She faxed her application for a new job. The forest fire destroyed the whole suburb.

13. Subject-Verb Agreement Singular subject  Singular verb Plural subject  Plural verb SingularPlural She runs three miles everyday. I practice for an hour. It is a Christmas stocking for the dog. The women in the group run everyday. We practice for an hour. They are the new Christmas stockings.

Subject-Verb Agreement Rules Use a plural verb with subjects joined by AND My friends and I have different schedules. My brother and dad are Flyers fans. Use a singular verb with singular subjects joined by OR or NOR Either Christmas or Thanksgiving is the best holiday. Neither she nor he took out the trash. Use a plural verb with plural subjects joined by OR or NOR Kangaroos or penguins are my favorite animal. Neither lions nor tigers should be kept as pets. If a compound subject has both singular and plural nouns joined by or or nor, use a verb that agrees with the noun closer to it Neither the potatoes nor the rice is in the cabinet. The bread, rice, and apples are in the pantry.

14. Inverted Order Sentences beginning with here or thereHere is the new store. There are so many sales! Other declarative sentencesIn the classroom there is a statue. Downstairs are pictures of our family. Interrogative sentencesWhere is the new store? Are there sales going on?

14. Interrupted Order A map of the shopping mall is in the folder. Other stores that sell shoes will open in the spring.

Rise, Raise; Lie, Lay; Sit, Set RiseTo get up, go up intransitive Teachers rise early in the morning. RaiseTo lift, move up, increase, help to grow transitive Parents raise their children to do the right thing. LieTo rest, recline, remain in one place intransitive Coby lies in his dog bed. LayTo put something down, place transitive The workers laid the foundation for the new house. SitTo be seated intransitive My dad sits in his beach chair. SetTo place or put transitive Set the papers down over there.

Bring, Take; Let, Leave; Lend, Loan BringTo carry or lead toward the speaker transitive Chelsea brought me a souvenir from her trip. TakeTo carry or lead away from the speaker transitive She will take her daughter to work. LetTo allow, permit transitive The security guard will not let them in the gate. LeaveTo go away from, allow to remain transitive You must leave your license at the front desk during the tour. Lend VERB To give something temporarily transitive The University of Delaware library lends books to other libraries. Loan NOUN Something that is lentThis book is a loan from the library.