Chapter 8 I. Appendicular Skeleton We will focus on the: Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Upper limbs Lower limbs

8.1 A. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 1. Consists of scapula and clavicle a. Clavicle articulates with sternum (sternoclavicular joint) b. Clavicle articulates with scapula (acromioclavicular joint) c. Scapula held in place by muscle only 2. Upper limb attached to pectoral girdle at shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

3. Clavicle (collarbone) a. S-shaped bone with two curves b. Extends from sternum to scapula above 1st rib c. Fracture site is junction of curves

4. Posterior Surface of Scapula a. Triangular flat bone in upper back region b. Scapular spine ends as acromion process c. Glenoid cavity forms shoulder joint w/ head of humerus d. Supraspinous & infraspinous fossa for muscular attachments

5. Anterior Surface of Scapula a. Subscapular fossa filled with muscle b. Coracoid process for muscle attachment

8. 2 B. Upper Extremity 1. Each upper limb = 30 bones 2. Joints a. humerus within the arm b. ulna & radius within the forearm c. carpal bones within the wrist d. metacarpal bones within the palm e. phalanges in the fingers 2. Joints a. shoulder (glenohumeral), elbow, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal

3. Humerus --- Proximal End a. Part of shoulder joint b. Head & anatomical neck c. Greater & lesser tubercles for muscle attachments, separated by intertubercular groove d. Surgical neck is fracture site e. Deltoid tuberosity midway on shaft- where deltoid muscle attaches

4. Humerus --- Distal End a. Forms elbow joint with ulna and radius at condyle b. Condyle includes: Capitulum articulates with head of radius Trochlea Articulation with ulna c. Olecranon fossa posterior depression for olecranon process of ulna d. Medial & lateral epicondyles attachment of forearm muscles

5.Ulna & Radius --- Proximal End a. Ulna (on little finger side) trochlear notch articulates with humerus & radial notch with radius olecranon process forms point of elbow b. Radius (on thumb side) head articulates with capitulum of humerus & radial notch of ulna tuberosity for muscle attachment

6. Elbow Joint a. Articulation of humerus with ulna and radius b. Ulna articulates with trochlea of humerus c. Radius articulates with capitulum of humerus d. Interosseous membrane between ulna & radius provides site for muscle attachment

7. Ulna and Radius - Distal End a. Ulna --styloid process head separated from wrist joint by fibrocartilage disc b. Radius forms distal radioulnar joint with head of ulna

8. Carpal Bones (wrist) a. Proximal row - lat to med scaphoid - boat shaped lunate - moon shaped triquetrum - 3 corners pisiform - pea shaped b. Distal row - lateral to medial trapezium - four sided trapezoid - four sided capitate - large head hamate - hooked process c. Carpal tunnel--tunnel of bone & flexor retinaculum

9. Metacarpals and Phalanges a. Metacarpals 5 total----#1 proximal to thumb base, shaft, head knuckles (metacarpophalangeal joints) b. Phalanges 14 total: each is called phalanx proximal, middle, distal on each finger, except thumb

8.3 C. Pelvic Girdle and Hip Bones 1. Pelvic girdle: 2 hip bones united at pubic symphysis articulate posteriorly w/ sacrum at sacroiliac joints a. Each hip bone (coxal bone): made up of ilium, pubis, and ischium fuse after birth at acetabulum b. Pelvis: 2 hip bones, sacrum & coccyx

2. Ischium and Pubis a. Ischium- lower posterior part ischial spine & tuberosity lesser sciatic notch ramus b. Pubis- anterior body superior & inferior ramus pubic symphysis: pad of fibrocartilage between 2 pubic bones

3. Ilium a. iliac crest & iliac spines- sites of muscle attachment b. Iliac fossa- muscle attachment c. Gluteal lines indicating muscle attachment- large muscles! d. Greater sciatic notch – allows passage of sciatic nerve

4. Pelvis a. Pelvic brim b. Pelvic axis: path of babies head sacral promontory to symphysis pubis separates false from true pelvis false pelvis holds only abdominal organs b. Pelvic axis: path of babies head

5. Female and Male Skeletons a. Male skeleton larger and heavier larger articular surfaces larger muscle attachments b. Female pelvis wider & shallower larger pelvic inlet & outlet more space in true pelvis pubic arch >90 degrees

Female Male

8.4 D. Lower Extremity 1. Each lower limb has 30 bones 2. Joints femur and patella (thigh) tibia & fibula (leg) tarsal bones (foot) metatarsals (forefoot) phalanges (toes) 2. Joints hip, knee, ankle proximal & distal tibiofibular metatarsophalangeal

3. Femur and Patella a. Femur (thighbone) b. Patella longest & strongest bone in body head articulates with acetabulum (attached by ligament of head of femur) neck is common fracture site greater & lesser trochanters, linea aspera, & gluteal tuberosity-- muscle attachments medial & lateral condyles articulate w/ tibia patellar surface anteriorly btwn condyles b. Patella triangular sesamoid bone increases leverage of quadriceps femoris tendon

4. Tibia and Fibula a. Tibia b. Fibula medial & larger bone of leg weight-bearing bone lateral & medial condyles tibial tuberosity for patellar lig. proximal tibiofibular joint medial malleolus at ankle b. Fibula not part of knee joint muscle attachment only lateral malleolus at ankle

5. Tarsals a. Proximal region of foot (contains 7 tarsal bones) -Saying: troy can catch no mayo in lettuce b. Talus = ankle bone (articulates w/ tibia & fibula) c. Calcaneus - heel bone d. Cuboid, navicular & 3 cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)

6. Metatarsals and Phalanges a. Metatarsals midregion of the foot 5 metatarsals (#1 is most medial) each with base, shaft and head b. Phalanges distal portion of the foot similar in number and arrangement to the hand big toe is hallux

Arches of the Foot Function distribute body weight over foot yield & spring back when weight is lifted Longitudinal arches along each side of foot Transverse arches across midfoot region navicular, cuneiforms & bases of metatarsals

Clinical Problems Flatfoot Clawfoot Hip fracture weakened ligaments allow bones of medial arch to drop Clawfoot medial arch is too elevated Hip fracture 1/2 million/year in US osteoporosis

Chapter 9: Joints Classification of Joints Structural classification- focus on material binding bones together & present/absence of joint cavity 1. fibrous joints- bones joined by fibrous tissue, lack joint cavity 2. cartilaginous joints- bones joined by cartilage, lack joint cavity 3. synovial joints- bones are separated by fluid containing joint cavity

B. Functional classification- based on amount of movement joint allows 1. synarthroses- immovable joints 2. amphiarthroses- slightly movable joints 3. diarthroses- freely moveable joints II. Fibrous joints A. sutures (skull bones), use connective tissue fibers to hold bones together

III. Cartilaginous joints A III. Cartilaginous joints A. bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unite bones (epiphyseal plate) B. articular surfaces covered w/ cartilage that is fused to pad or plate of fibrocartilage (pubic symphyses) IV. Synovial joints A. have the following structural features: 1. cartilage covers ends of bones 2. joint cavity is a space filled w/ fluid

3. a 2-layered capsule encloses joint cavity 4 3. a 2-layered capsule encloses joint cavity 4. synovial fluid is slippery & reduces friction 5. ligaments cross synovial joints to strengthen joint B. Types of synovial joints (see pg 278) 1. gliding (wrist, clavicle/sternum) 1. hinge (elbow, knee, ankle) 2. pivot (atlas/axis) 3. saddle (carpometacarpal) 4. ball & socket (shoulder, hip)