1. Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Upper limbs
Lower limbs

2. Upper Extremity Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius and Ulna
Carpals, Metacarpals
Phalanges

3. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Consists of scapula and clavicle
Clavicle articulates with sternum (sternoclavicular joint)
Clavicle articulates with scapula (acromioclavicular joint)
Scapula held in place by muscle only
Upper limb attached to pectoral girdle at shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

4. Clavicle (collarbone)
S-shaped bone with two curves
medial curve convex anteriorly/lateral one concave anteriorly
Extends from sternum to scapula above 1st rib
Fracture site is junction of curves
Ligaments attached to clavicle stabilize its position.

5. Clavicle (collar bone)
Sternal extremity: end that articulates with the sternum.
Acromional extremity: end that articulates with the scapula.
Body: center portion of clavicle.

6. Posterior Surface of Scapula
Triangular flat bone found in upper back region
Scapular spine ends as acromion process
a sharp ridge widening to a flat process
Glenoid cavity forms shoulder joint with head of humerus
Supraspinous & infraspinous fossa for muscular attachments

7. Scapula ( shoulder blade)
Superior Border: Upper margin
Vertebral Border: Margin toward vertebral column
Axillary Border: Lateral margin ( towards the humerus )
Spine: Sharp ridge running diagonally across posterior surface of shoulder blade.
Acromion process: Slightly flaring projection at lateral end of scapular spine; may be felt as tip of shoulder; articulates with clavicle.
Coracoid process: Projection on anterior surface from upper border of bone; may be felt in groove between deltoid and pectoralis major muscle.

8. Anterior Surface of Scapula
Subscapular fossa filled with muscle
Coracoid process for muscle attachment

9. Scapula cont.
Glenoid cavity: Arm Socket
Scapular notch: Notch between the Superior border and the Coracoid process.
Infraspinous Fossa: Surface area below the spine on the Dorsal surface.
Supraspinous Fossa: surface area above the spine on the dorsal surface.
Supraglenoid tubercle: process above the glenoid cavity.

10. Scapula cont. Infraglenoid tubercle: process below the glenoid cavity.
Superior angle: angle formed between the superior border and the vertebral border.
Inferior angle: angle formed between the axillary and vertebral borders.

11. Upper Extremity Each upper limb = 30 bones Joints
humerus within the arm
ulna & radius within the forearm
carpal bones within the wrist
metacarpal bones within the palm
phalanges in the fingers
Joints
shoulder (glenohumeral), elbow, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal

12. Humerus upper arm
Head : Smooth , hemispherical enlargement at proximal end of humerus.
Anatomical neck: Oblique groove just below head.
Greater tubercle: Rounded projection lateral to head on anterior surface.
Lesser tubercle: Prominent projection on anterior surface just below anatomical neck.

13. Humerus cont.
Surgical Neck: Region just below tubercles, so called because of its liability to fracture.
Deltoid tuberosity: V-shaped, rough area about midway down the shaft where Deltoid muscle inserts.

14. Humerus --- Proximal End
Part of shoulder joint
Head & anatomical neck
Greater & lesser tubercles for muscle attachments
Intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove
Surgical neck is fracture site
Deltoid tuberosity
Shaft

15. Humerus (distal end)
Lateral Epicondyle: rough projection at the lateral side of distal end of humerus.
Medial Epicondyle: rough projection on the medial side of distal end of humerus.
Capitulum: Rounded knob below lateral epicondyle: articulates with head of Radius.
Trochlea: Projection on distal end of humerus with a deep depression through the center, resembles a pulley.

16. Humerus cont.
Olecranon Fossa: Depression on posterior surface just above trochlea; receives the olecranon process of ulna when lower arm extends.
Coronoid Fossa: Depression on anterior surface above Trochlea receives coronoid process of ulna in flexion of lower arm.

17. Humerus --- Distal End Forms elbow joint with ulna and radius
Capitulum
articulates with head of radius
Trochlea
articulation with ulna
Olecranon fossa
posterior depression for olecranon process of ulna
Medial & lateral epicondyles
attachment of forearm muscles

18. Radius (bone on thumb side of forearm)
Head of Radius: Disk shaped process forming proximal end of radius articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna.
Radial tuberosity: Roughened projection on ulna side, short distance below head.
Neck of Radius: constricted portion below the head.

19. Radius cont.
Styloid Process of Radius: Protuberance at distal end on lateral surface.

20. Ulna & Radius --- Proximal End
Ulna (on little finger side)
trochlear notch articulates with humerus & radial notch with radius
olecranon process forms point of elbow
Radius (on thumb side)
head articulates with capitulum of humerus & radial notch of ulna
tuberosity for muscle attachment

21. Ulna bone on little finger side of forearm
Olecranon Process: Elbow
Semilunar Notch: curved notch between olecranon process and coronoid process into which the trochlea fits.
Coronoid Process: Projection on anterior surface of proximal end of ulna
Radial Notch: curved notch lateral and inferior to semilunar notch: head of radius fits into this cavity.

22. Ulna cont.
Styloid Process of ulna: Sharp protuberance at distal end, can be seen from outside on posterior surface.

23. Elbow Joint Articulation of humerus with ulna and radius
Ulna articulates with trochlea of humerus
Radius articulates with capitulum of humerus
Interosseous membrane between ulna & radius provides site for muscle attachment

24. Ulna and Radius - Distal End
Ulna --styloid process
head separated from wrist joint by fibrocartilage disc
Radius
forms wrist joint with scaphoid, lunate & triquetrum
forms distal radioulnar joint with head of ulna

25. 8 Carpal Bones (wrist) Proximal row - lat to med
scaphoid - boat shaped
lunate - moon shaped
triquetrum - 3 corners
pisiform - pea shaped
Distal row - lateral to medial
trapezium - four sided
trapezoid - four sided
capitate - large head
hamate - hooked process
Carpal tunnel--tunnel of bone & flexor retinaculum

26. Carpals Wrist bones
Proximal Row: little finger to thumb pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, & scaphoid.
Distal Row: hamate, capitate, trapezoid, & trapezium.

27. Metacarpals form framework of palm of hand
Numbered from Thumb to little finger
I, II, III, IV, V

28. Phalanges miniature long bones of fingers
Fingers: Proximal, Middle, & Distal Phalanx
Thumb: Proximal & Distal Phalanx only.

29. Metacarpals and Phalanges
5 total----#1 proximal to thumb
base, shaft, head
knuckles (metacarpophalangeal joints)
Phalanges
14 total: each is called phalanx
proximal, middle, distal on each finger, except thumb

30. Pelvis Femur Tibia,Fibula Tarsals, Metatarsals Phalanges
Lower Extremities
Pelvis
Femur
Tibia,Fibula
Tarsals, Metatarsals
Phalanges

31. Pelvic Girdle and Hip Bones
Pelvic girdle = two hipbones united at pubic symphysis
articulate posteriorly with sacrum at sacroiliac joints
Each hip bone = ilium, pubis, and ischium
fuse after birth at acetabulum
Bony pelvis = 2 hip bones, sacrum and coccyx

32. Ischium and Pubis Ischium Pubis ischial spine & tuberosity
lesser sciatic notch
ramus
Pubis
body
superior & inferior ramus
pubic symphysis is pad of fibrocartilage between 2 pubic bones

33. Pelvis(Coxal Bone) Ilium: Upper flaring portion
Ischium: Lower, posterior portion
Pubic bone (pubis): Medial, anterior section
Acetabulum: Hip socket; formed by union of ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Iliac Crest: upper, curving boundary of ilium

34. Pelvis cont. Iliac spines:
A. Anterior superior: Prominent projection at anterior end of iliac crest; can be flelt externally as “point” of hip.
B. Anterior inferior: Less prominent projection short distance below anterior superior spine.

35. Pelvis cont. C. Posterior superior: At posterior end of iliac crest.
D. Posterior inferior: Just below posterior superior spine.
Greater Sciatic Notch: Large notch on posterior surface of ilium just below posterior inferior spine.

36. Pelvis cont.
Spine of Ischium: pointed projection just above tuberosity.
Obtuator foramen: large hole in anterior surface of os coxa; formed by pubis and ischium; largest foramen in body.
Ischial Tuberosity: Large rough, quadrilaterial process forming inferior part of ischium.

37. Pelvis cont. Ramus of Ischium: Lower part of Ischium
Superior Ramus of Pubis: Part of pubis lying between symphysis and acetabulum; forms upper part of obturator foramen.
Inferior Ramus of Pubis: Part extending dowwn from symphysis unites with ischium.
Pubis: lower part of pelvis.

38. Ilium Iliac crest and iliac spines for muscle attachment
Iliac fossa for muscle attachment
Gluteal lines indicating muscle attachment
Sacroiliac joint at auricular surface & iliac tuberosity
Greater sciatic notch for sciatic nerve

39. Pelvis cont. Pubic tubercle: Rounded process at end of crest
Pubic crest: Upper margin of superior ramus.

40. Pelvis Pelvis = sacrum, coccyx & 2 hip bones Pelvic brim
sacral promontory to symphysis pubis
separates false from true pelvis
false pelvis holds only abdominal organs
Inlet & outlet
Pelvic axis = path of babies head

41. Female and Male Skeletons
larger and heavier
larger articular surfaces
larger muscle attachments
Female pelvis
wider & shallower
larger pelvic inlet & outlet
more space in true pelvis
pubic arch >90 degrees

42. Female Male

43. Lower Extremity Each lower limb = 30 bones Joints
femur and patella within the thigh
tibia & fibula within the leg
tarsal bones in the foot
metatarsals within the forefoot
phalanges in the toes
Joints
hip, knee, ankle
proximal & distal tibiofibular
metatarsophalangeal

44. Femur and Patella Femur (thighbone) Patella
longest & strongest bone in body
head articulates with acetabulum (attached by ligament of head of femur)
neck is common fracture site
greater & lesser trochanters, linea aspera, & gluteal tuberosity-- muscle attachments
medial & lateral condyles articulate with tibia
patellar surface anteriorly between condyles
Patella
triangular sesamoid
increases leverage of quadriceps femoris tendon

45. Femur Thigh bone; largest bone in body
Head: rounded upper end of bone; fits into acetabulum.
Neck: Constricted portion just below head.
Greater Trochanter: Protuberance located inferiorly and laterally to head.
Lesser Trochanter: Small protuberance located inferiorly and medially to greater.

46. Femur cont.
Intertorchanteric line: Line extending between greater and lesser trochanter.
Condyles: Large, rounded bulges at distal end of femur, one medial and one lateral.
Epicondyles: Blunt projections from the sides of the condyles; one on the medial aspect and on the lateral aspect.
Adductor tubercle: Small projection just above medial condyle; marks termination of medial supracondylar ridge.

47. Femur cont.
Trochlea: Smooth depression between condyles on anterior surface; articulates with patella.
Intercondyloid fossa: Deep depression between condyles on posterior surface; cruciate ligaments that help bind femur to tibia lodge in this notch.

48. Patella
Kneecap; largest sesamoid bone of the body; embedded in tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle.

49. Tibia and Fibula Tibia Fibula medial & larger bone of leg
weight-bearing bone
lateral & medial condyles
tibial tuberosity for patellar lig.
proximal tibiofibular joint
medial malleolus at ankle
Fibula
not part of knee joint
muscle attachment only
lateral malleolus at ankle

50. Tibia Shin bone
Condyles: bulging prominences at proximal end of tibia; upper surfaces concave for articulation with femur.
Intercondylar eminence: Upward projection on articular surface between condyles.
Crest: Sharp ridge on anterior surface.
Tibial tuberosity: Projection in midline on anterior surface.

51. Tibia cont.
Medial malleolus: Rounded downward projection at distal end of tibia; forms prominence on medial surface of ankle.

52. Fibula Long, slender bone of lateral side of lower leg
Lateral malleolus: Rounded prominence at distal end of fibula; forms proninence on lateral surface of ankle.
Head: Prominence on proximal end of Fibula; articulates with lateral surface of tibia.
This is the non weight bearing bone of the lower leg.

53. Tarsus Proximal region of foot (contains 7 tarsal bones)
Talus = ankle bone (articulates with tibia & fibula)
Calcaneus - heel bone
Cuboid, navicular & 3 cuneiforms

54. Tarsals bones that form heel and proximal or posterior half of foot.
Calcaneus: heel bone
Talus: Uppermost of tarsals; articulates with tibia and fibula; boxed in by medial and lateral malleolus.
Navicular: articulates with the talus and cuneiforms I, II, & III

55. Tarsals cont.
Cuneiforms: form arch of foot; Numbered I,II, & III; articulate with navicular and Metatarsals
Cuboid: forms side of ankle; articulates with calcaneus and IV & V Metatarsals.

56. Metatarsus and Phalanges
midregion of the foot
5 metatarsals (1 is most medial)
each with base, shaft and head
Phalanges
distal portion of the foot
similar in number and arrangement to the hand
big toe is hallux

57. Metatarsals Long bones of the foot
Numbered like the metacarpals of the hand.
I - big toe through V - little toe

58. Phalanges
Miniature long bones of the toes; two in each great toe; three in other toes.

59. Arches of the Foot Function
distribute body weight over foot
yield & spring back when weight is lifted
Longitudinal arches along each side of foot
Transverse arch across midfoot region
navicular, cuneiforms & bases of metatarsals

60. Clinical Problems Flatfoot Clawfoot Hip fracture
weakened ligaments allow bones of medial arch to drop
Clawfoot
medial arch is too elevated
Hip fracture
1/2 million/year in US
osteoporosis
arthroplasty