Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism Chapter 7

Who was Eli Whitney? Inventor of the Cotton Gin which increased the need for slavery Interchangeable parts revolutionized manufacturing and mass production in the North. Industrial Revolution- transition from handmade to machine made goods.

What are examples of the Industrial Revolution in the United States? Samuel Slater- textile factory system Lowell Factory- young women worked and lived in the company town. No workers rights and lack of safety.

What were the two economic systems in America? North- factories, manufacturing, and small farms not dependent on slavery. South- Cotton is King, cash crops, agricultural society, slavery is a way of life.

What was Henry Clay’s American System? Develop transportation systems and internal improvements (Erie Canal and National Road Tariff of 1816- tax on foreign goods Creating a Second National Bank

What were the important coure cases of the Marshall Court? Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)- gave federal government control of interstate trade. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)- States could not tax the federal government. Fletcher v. Peck and Dartmouth v. Woodward- dealt with contract law. Federal power strengthened under the Marshall court.

What was the Adams Onis Treaty (1819)? Spain gave Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to Oregon.

What was the Monroe Doctrine (1823)? President Monroe warned all outside powers not to interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere. U.S. would not involve itself in European Affairs. U.S. foreign policy for many years to come.

What was the Missouri Compromise of 1820? Debate about westward expansion and balance between free and slaves states. Henry Clay wrote the Compromise. Maine would be a free state and Missouri would be a slave state. All states North of the 36 30 line would be free and south slave. Louisiana Purchase split in half free and slave.

What do you need to know about James Monroe? 5th President of U.S. from Virginia (1817-1825) Monroe Doctrine Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Marshall Court

What do I need to know about John Quincy Adams? 6th President of the U.S. (1825-1829) Son of John Adams Became President by the corrupt bargain where Henry Clay swung the election in the House of Representatives. Unsuccessful Presidency

Why was Andrew Jackson such an important President? First Common Man President (from Tennessee) (1829-1837) Spoils system- appointed friends and political supporters to jobs. Trail of Tears- Indian Removal Act forced Cherokee Indians on a 800 mile trip from Georgia to Oklahoma. 25% of Cherokee die.

What happened in the case Worcester V. Georgia (1832)? Supreme Court ruled that Georgia had not right to the Cherokee land. Jackson disobeyed the Court and still ordered the removal of the Cherokee and forcing the Trail of Tears.

What was debate of tariffs about? John C. Calhoun (Jackson’s VP) called the Tariff of 1828 the Tariff of Abominations. He wanted to nullify (or disobey federal law) The South did not want high tariffs because of their trade relationship with Britain. North businesses approved of the tariff. Threatened to leave or secede the Union.

What was the Hayne and Webster Debate? Robert Hayne(South Carolina)- preached states’ rights and opposed tariff. Daniel Webster of Massachusetts- supported federal government authority over the states. 1833- Henry Clay came up with a compromise that would lower tariffs gradually.

Why was Jackson so opposed to the Bank of United States? Saw the Bank as an elitist institution. Personal feelings of dislike towards Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle Put federal money in PET banks and destroyed the Bank.

What do I need to know about Martin Van Buren? 8th President (1837-1841) Panic of 1837- economic depression caused by the destruction of the Bank of the U.S. Miserable presidency

What do I need to know about William Henry Harrison? 9th President (1841) War Hero Political campaigning Died of pneumonia one month after inauguration.

What do I need to know about John Tyler? 10th President (1841-1845) From Virginia Opposed many of the Whig programs Lost support of his own political party.

What were the beliefs of the Whig Party? Backed the American System of Henry Clay For the protective tariff Wanted to build federal roads and canals Wanted a stronger banking system

What was the 2nd Great Awakening? Led by Charles Finney Promoted individualism and responsibility Led revivals Brought Christianity to African Americans Centers of democratic thought Creation of new churches: example: Unitarians

What is transcendentalism? A philosophy and literary movement that emphasizes nature and living a simple life. Ralph Waldo Emerson- N.England writer. Henry David Thoreau- civil disobedience and self-reliance.

What were examples of utopian communities? Trying to create the perfect place. Brook Farm- many famous writers and artists lived here. (Nathaniel Hawthorne) Shakers- believed men and women were equal, vowed not to marry or have children so they relied on converts. Only 7 remiain in the U.S. today.

Who was Dorothea Dix? Led both prison reform and wanted to improve treatment for the mentally ill. Rehabilitation instead of punishment

Who was Horace Mann? Father of Public Education Wanted all children to go school Tax supported schools

What was the abolitionist movement? Began in the 1820’s to call for an end of slavery William Lloyd Garrison Frederick Douglass Sojourner Truth

Who was William Lloyd Garrison? Abolitionist Newspaper called the Liberator Wanted immediate emancipation (freedom) for slaves.

Who was Frederick Douglass? Former slave turned abolitionist Newspaper called the North Star Acted as the voice of emancipation

What was life like as a rural slave? Men, women, and children worked in the fields from dawn to dusk. Large plantations Sold from family Beaten by masters and overseers

What was life like as an urban slave? Worked in special skill positions like blacksmith or carpentry. Hired out by masters and some even got keep a small wage. More freedom than living on a plantation

Who was Nat Turner? Led a slave rebellion in Southampton, VA Attacked 4 plantations and killed 60 whites before being captured. Scared slave owners and tighten hold on slaves (could not read or write)

What defenses were used on the proslavery side? Used the Bible to defend slavery Christianity benefited slaves Myth of the happy slave

What was the gag rule? Debate between pro and anti slavery men became intense in Congress. 1836- gag rule prevented any discussion of slavery.