Mrs. Atchison Health Science I Endocrine System Mrs. Atchison Health Science I

Function of endocrine system Endocrine glands - Secrete chemicals, hormones, directly into bloodstream. - Ductless glands Exocrine glands - Secrete substance through a duct i.e.Sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas. Hormones = chemical substances that coordinate and direct target cells and organs.

Negative Feedback Drop in hormone level triggers chain reaction: Blood level of hormone falls Brain gets message and sends out hormone to stimulate gland Gland secretes more hormone When blood levels of hormone increase, the brain hormones stop

Nervous Control In some cases, sympathetic nervous system causes direct release of hormone from gland i.e. stress may cause the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline

What is a gland? Any organ that produces a secretion called hormones It is ductless Only acts on Target cells

Question Hormone release provides immediate body responses because the hormones are directed toward:  A.  cardiac cells.  B.  cyclic AMP cells.  C.  synaptic junctions.  D.  target organ cells

Answer Target organ cells

Pituitary Gland Tiny – size of a grape Base of brain Connected to hypothalamus Anterior / Posterior lobes Cranial cavity “Master Gland”

Anterior Pituitary Lobe GH – Growth hormone (somatotropin) responsible for growth and development Prolactin – develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth TSH – Thyroid stimulating hormone – stimulates thyroid cells to produce thyroid hormone = thyroxine (low TSH treated with synthroid) ACTH – Adrenocortiocotropic hormone – stimulates adrenal cortex

Question Jackie complained to his/her doctor about nervousness, and weight loss even though he/she has had increased food intake. Laboratory tests revealed that Jackie had an elevated level of which hormone?  A.  Adrenaline  B.  Glucagon  C.  Parathormone  D.  Thyroxin

Answer Thyroxin

Anterior Pituitary cont’d FSH – Follicle stimulating hormone – stimulates growth of follicle and production of estrogen in females and sperm in males LH – Luteinizing hormone – stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females

Posterior Pituitary Lobe Vasopressin – converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserve water in the body Oxytocin – released during childbirth causing contractions of the uterus

Question The pituitary gland is located: A. at the base of the brain. B.  atop the kidney.  C.  in the chest.  D.  in the pelvic cavity. 

answer At the base of the brain

Question Which gland is divided into anterior and posterior lobes? A.  Gonads  B.  Pituitary  C.  Thymus  D.  Thyroid 

Answer Pituitary

Question The pregnant woman began to have contractions of the uterus in preparation for childbirth. What is the name of the hormone that initiated her contractions? A.  Follicle stimulating hormone  B.  Luteinizing hormone  C.  Oxytocin  D.  Prolactin 

Answer oxytocin

Thyroid Gland Thyroid Gland 1. Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue. 2. On either side of larynx, in front of the trachea. 3. H-shaped.

Thyroid – stimulating hormone (stimulates cellular metabolism) – Main hormone Thyroxine – controlled by secretion of TSH – controls rate of metabolism Calcitonin – controls calcium ion concentration in the body – prevents hypercalcemia

Question Which gland is butterfly-shaped and located in the anterior neck on either side of the larynx?  A.  Gonads  B.  Pituitary  C.  Thymus  D.  Thyroid

Answer Thyroid

Parathyroid Glands 4 glands size of a grain of rice Attached to posterior thyroid Produce parathormone which helps control blood calcium, prevents hypocalcemia.

Thymus Gland Endocrine and lymphatic organ Behind sternum, above and in front of heart Begins to disappear at puberty Produces Thymosin – reacts upon lymphoid tissue to produce T-lymphocytes

Question Which gland is posterior to the sternum A. Parathyroid B.  Pituitary  C.  Thymus  D.  Thyroid 

answer thymus

Adrenal Glands Adrenal Glands – above kidneys Adrenal cortex secretes corticoids (anti-inflammatory hormones) and sex hormones Androgens – Male sex hormones Adrenalin – hormone from adrenal medulla, powerful cardiac stimulant, “fight or flight” hormone – response to stress Adrenal Medulla also secretes nor epinephrine – increases BP and heart rate and constricts blood vessels.

Question In an emergency situation, the "fight or flight" hormone will increase the heart rate and blood pressure. This hormone is: A.  ADH.  B.  adrenalin.  C.  insulin.  D.  thyroxin. 

Answer adrenalin

Question The adrenal glands are located directly above the kidneys and are:  A.  composed of only a few cells.  B.  divided into the cortex and medulla.  C.  exocrine glands.  D.  pine-shaped.

Answer B

Question A small child was being chased by a large dog. Out of fear, the child ran really fast. Which hormone enabled the child to get away from the dog?  A.  Adrenal  B.  Parathyroid  C.  Pineal  D.  Thymus 

Answer adrenal

Question On his way to work, the student witnessed a traffic accident. His heart rate increased and his mental alertness improved as he assisted the victims. The student’s response result from the release of:  A.  corticosteroids.  B.  epinephrine.  C.  parathromone.  D.  thyroxin. 

Answer epinepherine

Gonads Gonads – ovaries in female and testes in male Estrogen – Development of female reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics Progesterone – Plays a part in the menstrual cycle Testosterone – Male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics

Question A 19 year old male that has not begun to develop chest hair, a deep voice, or increased muscle mass may be deficient in which hormone?  A.  Estrogen  B.  Insulin  C.  Progesterone  D.  Testosterone 

Answer Testosterone

Question A teenage girl that has undeveloped breasts and has not started her menstrual cycle indicates that a hormone deficiency exists. What hormone is deficient? A.  Estrogen  B.  Insulin  C.  Oxytocin  D.  Testosterone  

Answer estrogen

Steroid Abuse-has side effects

Steroid testing

question Liver damage, heart disease, testicular changes, and breast growth in males are symptoms of A.  Addison’s disease.  B.  Cushing’s syndrome.  C.  hyperthyroidism.  D.  steroid abuse. 

Answer steroids

Pancreas Pancreas – abdominal cavity behind the stomach Endocrine and exocrine functions Islets of Langerhans – Insulin production. Insulin promotes utilization of glucose by the cells – lowers blood sugar levels

Question Which endocrine gland contains the Islets of Langerhans? A.  Brain stem  B.  Liver  C.  Pancreas  D.  Thymus 

Answer pancreas

Question Janie has hyperglycemia and is being treated with insulin. Which of Janie’s endocrine glands is functioning inefficiently? A.  Adrenal  B.  Pancreas  C.  Pituitary  D.  Thyroid 

Answer pancreas

The breast feeding hormone Prolactin

Question The obstetrician instructs a new mother about the changes in her body He/she explains that her breast milk production is the result of A.  growth hormone.  B.  oxytocin.  C.  prolactin.  D.  vasopressin

Answer prolactin

Question The pancreas is also an organ of the: A. circulatory system. B.  digestive system.  C.  lymphatic system.  D.  respiratory system.

Answer Digestive

Endocrine Disorders - Dwarfism Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood Small size, but body proportions and intellect normal Sexual immaturity Rx – Early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone

Gigantism Gigantism Hyperfunction of pituitary – Too much growth hormone In preadolescence – Overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness

Question The endocrinologist saw a patient whose parents were concerned about their 8 year old child’s short stature. The physician suspects that the child may have a deficiency in:  A.  growth hormone.  B.  oxytocin.  C.  prolactin.  D.  vasopressin

Answer Growth hormone

Acromegaly Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone in adulthood Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and feet Attacks cartilage – so the chin protrudes - lips, nose and extremities enlarge Rx – drugs to inhibit growth hormone – radiation

Question A 47 year old man went to see his doctor. When reviewing family pictures, the patient’s wife noted that her husband had developed enlarged hands, lips and nose, and that his chin protrudes more than it used to. Following some laboratory studies, the doctor diagnosed the patient with:  A.  acromegaly.  B.  Grave’s disease.  C.  hypothyroidism.  D.  toxic goiter

Answer Acromegaly

Hyperthyroidism Overactive thyroid gland Too much thyroxine leads to enlargement of gland Symptoms – Consuming large quantities of food but lose weight – nervous irritability Goiter – Enlargement of gland Exophthalmos – Bulging of eyeballs Trt – Partial or total removal of gland, drugs to reduce include thyroxine radiation

Hypothyroidism Not enough thyroxine May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter) Other cause – inflammation of thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine Symptoms – Dry, itchy skin; dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night.

Exopthalmus-bulging eyes

Did you know?

Question The endocrine disorder that could be prevented by using iodized salt is: A.  acromegaly.  B.  gigantism.  C.  hyperthyroidism.  D.  hypothyroidism 

Answer hypothyroidism 

question Terri has an excessive appetite but has trouble gaining weight. She also has exophthalmos. What disorder might she have?  A.  Addison’s disease  B.  Cushing’s syndrome  C.  Hyperthyroidism  D.  Steroid abuse 

Answer Hyperthyroidism 

Tetany In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium levels affect functions of nerves Symptoms – Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles Rx – Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone.

Diabetes Mellitus Cause – Decreased secretion of insulin Symptoms – Polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic muscles. If not treated, excess glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) and secreted in urine (glycosuria) If too much insulin given, blood sugar can get too low (hypoglycemia) and person can develop insulin shock. Type II diabetes is not insulin-dependent – Most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, usually treated with diet. Test for diabetes – Blood sample at home, normal blood sugar is 80-100 mg. – screening=urinalysis

Hyperglycemia (High Blood Glucose) Causes: Too much food, too little insulin or diabetes medicine, illness or stress. Onset: Gradual, may progress to diabetic coma. Symptoms: Extreme thirst, frequent urination, dry skin, hunger, blurred vision, drowsiness, and nausea. What can you do? Take blood glucose tests, and if over 250 mg/dL for several tests, call your doctor.

Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Glucose) Causes: Too little food, too much insulin or diabetes medicine, or extra exercise. Onset: Sudden, may progress to insulin shock. Symptoms: Shaking, fast heartbeat, sweating, anxious, dizziness, hunger, impaired vision, weakness fatigue, headache, and irritablility. What can you do? Drink ½ glass of orange juice or skim milk, or eat several hard candies, test your blood glucose; if symptoms don’t stop call your doctor, within 30 minutes after symptoms go away, eat a light snack (a ½ peanut butter or meat sandwich and a ½ glass of mik.

Question Janie has hyperglycemia and is being treated with insulin. Which of Janie’s endocrine glands is functioning inefficiently?  A.  Adrenal  B.  Pancreas  C.  Pituitary  D.  Thyroid 

Answer pancreas

Endocrine Terminology 1. Thyroxine – Regulates body metabolism 2. Adrenalin – Stimulates the heart to beat faster 3. Parathyroid – Regulates use of calcium 4. Parathormone – Control use of calcium phosphorus 5. Insulin – Secreted by pancreas 6. Calcitonin – Affects neuromuscular functioing, blood clotting, and holds cells together 7. Estrogen – Governs reproduction and fertility 8. Oxytocin – Causes the uterus to contract during labor 9. Gonad – Sex gland 10. ATCH – Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland

Endocrine Terminology Cont. 11. Acromegaly – Enlargement of bones of the extremities. 12. Adenectomy – Removal of any gland. 13. Adenoidectomy – Removal of the adenoids. 14. Adrenogenic – Originating in the adrenals. 15. Dwarfism – Condition of being abnormally small. 16. Endocrine – Ductless; to secrete within. 17. Endocrinotherapy – Treatment with endocrine preparation. 18. Exocrine – To secrete through a duct. 19.Goiter – Enlarged thyroid gland.

Endocrine Terminology Cont. 20. Goitrogens – Any substance that causes a goiter. 21. Lymphycytopenia – Deficiency of lymph cells. 22. Pancreatolysis – Breakdown of the pancreas. 23. Parathyrotoxicosis – Poisonous condition of the parathyroid. 24. Pinealoma – Tumor of the pineal gland. 25. Pituitarigenic – Originating in the pituitary. 26. Thyroadenitis – Inflammation of the thyroid gland.

Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal Cortex Addison's disease- adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and often insufficient levels of aldosterone as well. What is the cause of Addison’s disease? What are the most common symptoms of Addison’s disease? How is Addison’s disease treated? 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

Hyperpigmented skin

Treatment-Addison’s

Question Trey has the appearance of a tan even during the winter months. During a physical exam, he had a low blood pressure and low blood sugar. These symptoms are indicative of:  A.  Addison’s disease.  B.  Cushing’s syndrome.  C.  hyperthyroidism.  D.  steroid abuse.

Answer Addison’s Disease

Question In an emergency situation, the "fight or flight" hormone will increase the heart rate and blood pressure. This hormone is:  A.  ADH.  B.  adrenalin.  C.  insulin.  D.  thyroxin

Answer Adrenalin

Question The 76 year old female was transported to the hospital following a fall. Upon examination, it was determined that she sustained a fracture of the head of her femur. This injury was likely related to:  A.  acromegaly.  B.  bone deformity.  C.  myxedema.  D.  osteoporosis.

Answer osteoporosis

Cushing’s Disease high levels of the hormone cortisol Symptoms- Women-Thicker or more visible body and facial hair (hirsutism), irregular or absent menstrual periods Men-Decreased libido, decreased fertility, erectile dysfunction

Common Signs Weight gain and fatty tissue deposits, particularly around the midsection and upper back, in the face (moon face), and between the shoulders (buffalo hump) Pink or purple stretch marks (striae) on the skin of the abdomen, thighs, breasts and arms Thinning, fragile skin that bruises easily Slow healing of cuts, insect bites and infections Acne