Doors, Windows, and Glass

Major Topics Doors Windows Hardware Glass Curtain Wall

Doors Broad classification as exterior or interior Wood, metal, plastic, glass, or a combination of these materials are used to manufacture doors Considerations for selection of door include: Fire resistance Cost Protection/Privacy Aesthetics/Architectural Style

Terms Associated with Doors Door Frames: Jamb –sides pieces Head – overhead piece Sill – on exterior doors (covered by threshold) Door Stop- strip against which door closes Panel Doors: Stiles – vertical members Rails – horizontal members Muntins – may be vertical or horizontal; divide door into panels See figures on page 573 for examples Right-Hand or Left-Hand – used to describe swinging doors- depends on which side is hinged

Types of Fire Doors Composite – wood, steel, or plastic sheets bonded to and supported by a solid core material Hollow Metal – flush or panel design consisting with no less than 20 gauge steel face Metal Clad – flush or panel design consisting of metal-covered wood cores and insulated panels covered with steel of 24 gauge or lighter Sheet Metal – 22 gauge or lighter steel of corrugated, flush sheet, or panel design Tin-Clad – wood core with a terne plate or galvanized steel facing ( 30 or 24 gauge) Wood – wood, hardboard, or plastic face sheets bonded to a wood block core material with untreated wood edges

Metal Doors See page 566-67 for examples Most hollow core metal doors are made of carbon steel Most are filled with standard fireproof, rot proof, and sound-deadening material Insulated doors are filled with glass fiber or plastic foam insulation [R-values range from 8-15] Grades range from 1: standard; 2: heavy duty; 3: extra heavy duty [grades used depends on type of building and locations in building]

Wood Doors Kiln-dried wood, moisture content 6-12 % Type 1 ---fully waterproof bond (ext. or int.) Type 2 --- water resistant bond, interior only May be solid or hollow core (S.C. or H.C.) Fire ratings range from 20 minutes to 1-1/2 hour for S.C. wood doors Typical thickness: 1-3/8” (int.) 1-3/8” or 1-3/4” (ext.) Standard single unit sizes range from 1’ to 3’ width; 6’-8” to 8’ height [doesn’t include sliding or patio door styles which are much wider]

Types of Wood Doors See figures on pages 571-574 Flush – hollow or solid core with wood veneers, hardboard or plastic laminates Panel – assembled from stiles and rails Sash – similar to panel door except that one or more panel is replaced with glass Louver – composed of stile and rail frame with integral louvers Accordion folding – narrow wood strips 31/2” to 5” wide with fabric, plastic or metal hinges

Door Operation Swinging – hinged on one side or may have pivot hardware to allow for swinging in both directions Sliding – overhead tracks with rollers (Pocket doors - slide into wall cavity) Folding – hung on overhead tracks with rollers; may be bi- or multi- fold in nature

Weather Stripping Applied to door frames to prevent air leakage Common types include: Foam rubber Felt Rolled vinyl Spring metal (V-strip) Interlocking metal

Door Hardware -- Locks May be either standard, handicapped access, automatic, or security type. Lock types: Key-in-knob Key-in-lever Mortise Interconnected Auxiliary (dead bolts) Security (electromagnetic) Padlock

Door Hardware --Hinges There are many types of hinges available but common ones include: butt, piano (invisible), offset, spring, pivot, and decorative. Materials from which hinges are made include: coated steel, polished plated steel, chromium-plated metals, brass, bronze, and aluminum. Placement and number required varies according to door material and size: All exterior or S.C. interior door >7’ in height should be hung with at least 3 hinges. Interior H.C. doors < 7’ in height need only 2 hinges

Special Doors Revolving – prevent passage of cold and warm air and noise while always being open/closed Typical materials include stainless steel, aluminum, and copper alloys. Most doors are 6 - 8 feet in diameter, but may be larger for special applications (Nursing homes)

Windows Related terms include: rail, stile, sill, sash, panes or lights (glass), muntin (divides the lights), mullion Common materials include: aluminum, steel (including stainless), wood, or clad materials [Styrofoam core with wood cladding] Wide range of sizes from 2’ to 10’ – not including custom orders

Window Types See pgs. 596-98, 602-03 Fixed Single or Double Hung Awning Sliding Casement Pivoted Jalousie

Window Hardware – Locks [see pages 605-06] Some basic types of locking devices for windows include: Friction type – includes a pin which screws into a receptacle Pin type – a keyed device; bolt slips into a hole drilled into the upper frame Wedge type – spreads upper and lower sash apart Stop type – uses a knob or other protrusion to prevent window from opening very far Key operated cam latch – may be a fire hazard; works similar to a pin type

Glass The term glazing refers to the installation of vision panels or glass or plastic in a door, formed frame, window, packaged entrance, storefront, or glazed curtain wall. Glass has been made artificially for more than 4500 years Romans – 1st known window glass Germany – 11th century glass hand-blown in spheres France – 14th century “Crown glass” produced by blowing and twirling

3 Methods of the Drawing Process [See pages 620-21] Fourcault – 1st process developed; the simplest; 40 feet vertical drawing Colburn - similar to Fourcault but only drawn vertically about 3 feet then bent over horizontal rollers; glass was less brittle and easier to cut Pittsburgh – similar to other 2 processes, main improvement was glass not contacted by center rollers until it was hard enough to resist roller damage

Glass Glass is produced from 3 major ingredients: Sand (silica) ~72% Soda (sodium oxide) ~15% Lime (calcium oxide) ~9% About 50 other chemicals may be added to change the following properties ~4% : Color Viscosity Durability Desired physical property

Properties of Glass Mechanical – it is fatigue resistant --if pressure is applied causing it to bend or stretch, it will return to its original shape after removed Optical – excels in this area because of its transparency Thermal – heat gain or loss through glass is great thermal expansion also very high in glass – may produce stresses which can cause breakage Chemical – great resistance to corrosion; non-porous and non-absorptive Electrical – is a good electrical insulator; used in making a number of electrical products

Basic Types of Clear Glass Window or Sheet: Manufactured by a horizontal flat or vertical draw process Float: Manufactured by floating molten glass on a surface of molten tin, then annealing slowly to produce a transparent flat glass. This eliminates grinding and polishing (most glass in US produced using this method ~ 98%) Plate: Transparent flat glass is ground and polished after rolling.

Variations of Basic Glass Types Patterned – rolled or figured glass –run through rollers which are etched to produce a design on one side Wire – embedded welded square or diamond wire Cathedral – art glass, stained glass; usually 1/8” thick, in many colors, textures, and patterns Obscure – one or both surfaces of glass are sandblasted or acid etched (weakens glass) Heat-absorbing or Tinted Insulating – high thermal resistance; fuse 2 pieces of glass together with ¾” space filled with a dry gas (often Argon)

Variations con’t Reflective – care must be taken to avoid scratching Heat-Strengthened– greatly increased mechanical strength and resistance to thermal stresses; 2 times as strong as annealed glass Tempered – 4-5 times as strong as annealed; when broken…forms small cubed fragments which are much safer than annealed glass Laminated (Safety) – tough, clear plastic polyvinyl butyral sheet (interlayer) is sandwiched between plies of other glass. When it breaks the particles adhere to the plastic film Security – a plastic film of a min. of 0.06 in. thick in 3 to 5 plies of glass (overall thickness ¾” to 3”)

Curtain Wall A building wall that does not carry any roof or floor load Typically located above the first level of a structure (unlike storefront) Consists mainly of metal, glass, and other surfacing material supported in a metal framework

References Construction Materials and Processes, 3rd Edition. Watson, Don A.. McGraw-Hill, 1986. Imprint 2000. ISBN: 0-07-068476-6 Construction Principles, Materials, and Methods, Seventh Edition. H. Leslie Simmons, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2001. Olin’s Construction Principles, Materials, and Methods, Eighth Edition. H. Leslie Simmons, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2007. Architectural Materials for Construction, Rosen, Harold J. and Heineman, Tom. McGraw-Hill, 1996. ISBN: 0-07-053741-0 Basic Construction Materials, 6th Edition. Marotta, Theodore W. Prentice Hall, 2002. ISBN: 0-13-089625-X Building Construction: Materials and Types of Construction, 6th Edition, Ellison, Donald C., Huntington, W.C., Mickadeit, Robert E.. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 0-13-090952-1. Architectural Graphic Standards: Student Edition, Abridgment of 9th Edition. The American Institute of Architects. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 0-471-34817-1