Chapter 10 Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Adams

Thomas Jefferson

Declaration of Independence

Montecello

Jefferson in old age

Interior Montecello

Barbary Wars “Tributes” were fees paid to leaders of the Barbary coast

Tripoli

US Philadelphia taken This is the first declaration of war against the US by a foreign power.

“Heroes” William Eaton recruited mercenaries and marched across 500 miles to attack Tripoli and release the US sailors taken prisoner Stephen Decatur sailed into Tripoli harbor and set the Philadelphia on fire

President James Madison

First Lady Dolley Madison

Timeline leading to War of : British begin to impress American sailors and force them to work on British Ships. Embargo Act then Non-intercourse Act 1811: The Battle of Tippecanoe (in present-day Indiana), considered the first battle of the War of 1812, takes place between Tecumseh's brother, The Prophet, and William Henry Harrison's army. Congress declared war June 1812, in a vote divided along sectional lines 1812 Summer: Riots break out in Baltimore in protest of the war

War of 1812—causes Indian conflicts in the Northwest Territory Attacks on American ships by France and England The War Hawks —Henry Clay from Kentucky and John C. Calhoun from South Carolina

Clay (left) and Calhoun

The War 1813 January: British and Indian allies repel American troops at the Battle of Frenchtown (present-day Michigan). American survivors are killed the following day in the Raisin River Massacre (present-day Michigan) October: The warrior Tecumseh is killed at the Battle of the Thames (Canada) August 24, 24: The British burn Washington, DC in retaliation for the burning of York. President James Madison flees the Capital September The Battle of Plattsburg on Lake Champlain is a major American victory, securing its northern border. The Battle of Baltimore takes place at Fort McHenry, where Francis Scott Key wrote The Star Spangled Banner.

Battles of War of 1812

End of the War of December: The Treaty of Ghent. Americans and British diplomats agree to the terms of a treaty and return to the status quo from before the war January Andrew Jackson defeats the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

Women’s Status Based on British Common Law Wives had no independent legal or political personhood Legal doctrine of feme covert holds that a wife’s civic life is subsumed by that of her husband By 1820, all states but South Carolina recognized a limited right to divorce Single, adult women could own and convey property, make contracts, initiate lawsuits, and pay taxes. They could not vote, serve on juries, or practice law.

Women in churches Most Protestant denominations barred women from governance Quakers and Baptists in New England made exceptions Small number of women preachers between 1790 and 1820, i.e. Jemima Wilkinson, a “Publick Universal Friend,” claimed to be genderless and dressed in men’s clothing

Women in Education “female academies” Examples: Troy Female Seminary in New York founded by Emma Willard in 1821 and Hartford Seminary in Connecticut founded by Catharine Beecher in 1822

President James Monroe

President John Quincy Adams

Missouri Compromise