R ESEARCH Q UESTIONS & H YPOTHESES

T HE PROCESS OF INTRODUCING A PROBLEM Stimulate reader interest in the problem Demonstrate the importance of the problem Provide current status of the problem Introduce any relevant theory examined in the study Place the study within the context of literature Identify the population to study

I NTRODUCTORY SECTION ORGANIZATION Global perspective Diabetes is a devastating and costly disease Morbidity Mortality Financial cost Global perspective Diabetes is a devastating and costly disease Morbidity Mortality Financial cost More Specific Successful and unsuccessful attempts to intervene More Specific Successful and unsuccessful attempts to intervene Most Specific The purpose of this study is to examine new ways to educate people with diabetes Most Specific The purpose of this study is to examine new ways to educate people with diabetes

P URPOSE STATEMENT How you frame and state the research problem is critical to the entire research project…it is the foundation for the remainder of your work. Clearly express the problem as a purpose statement and/or research question(s) to be answered Clearly state a hypothesis (if appropriate)

F ORM FOR THE PROBLEM STATEMENT The problem statement can be written as either a question or as a declarative statement Research questions are interrogative sentences They may be used following a general statement of purpose to identify sub-problems that will be answered Research questions are generally used in lieu of hypotheses and indicate the use of non-experimental study designs

RESEARCH QUESTIONS CAN BE USED ALONG WITH A GENERAL STATEMENT OF PURPOSE TO IDENTIFY SUB - PROBLEMS THAT WILL BE ANSWERED The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of students who use the Health and Wellness Center five or more times per week. What is the gender profile of students who use the HWC five or more times per week? What is the racial/ethnic profile of students who use the HWC five or more times per week? What is the BMI of students who use the HWC five or more times per week? What is the attitude toward wellness of those students who use the HWC five or more times per week?

VARIABLES Dependent Variable – the variable that is measured or observed…outcome variable Ask “What is dependent upon what?” Independent Variable – variable being examined or tested Control Variable – variable whose potential to impact the dependent variable has been removed or “controlled for” by the study design or statistical manipulation

W HAT IS A HYPOTHESIS ? Expresses the relationship between two or more variables States the predicted outcome of a test A hypothesis can be tested (proved or disproved)

D IRECTIONAL AND NONDIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES Nondirectional hypotheses : predict a difference between groups, but do not specify what the difference might be Null hypothesis (H o ): statement of no difference The means or scores are not different Alternative hypothesis (H a ): statement of difference The means or scores are different in a predicted direction

EXAMPLES Nondirectiona l: There will be a difference in contraceptive knowledge level of students that participated in an abstinence-only sexuality education program and the contraceptive knowledge level of students who participated in an abstinence-based sexuality education program. Null Hypothesis : There will be no difference in the contraceptive knowledge level of students that participated in an abstinence-only sexuality education program and the contraceptive knowledge level of students who participated in an abstinence-based sexuality education program. Alternative Hypothesis : The contraceptive knowledge levels of students that participated in an abstinence-only sexuality education program will be lower than the contraceptive knowledge level of students who participated in an abstinence-based sexuality education program.

H YPOTHESIS TESTING Is the difference in contraceptive knowledge levels between the two groups of students large enough to convince us that it is the result of the differences between the two types of education programs and not simply chance or normal variation. Most often test the null hypothesis (there is no difference between the contraceptive knowledge levels of the two groups) Use statistical tests to determine the probability that the null hypothesis is true

H YPOTHESIS TESTING Type I Error Rejecting a true H 0 Type II Error Failure to reject a false H 0 Note: a H 0 is never “accepted” p-values Standard is 5%

T IMELINES Most research proposals include a fairly detailed anticipated schedule for the planned research project. 1. Create a list of all the steps from planning the study through the dissemination of results 2. Create a calendar that shows when each of these steps is expected to begin and end 3. Set deadlines along the way that will help ensure that the project stays on track toward timely completion

P ART I: A RTICLE ANALYSIS Problem or purpose? Hypotheses ? Nondirectional, null, or alternative Dependent variable Independent variable(s) Part II: Your research question & timeline