1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT

2. The Research Process

3. Variables Independent variables Dependent variables
Moderating variables: a second independent variable that is included because it is believed to have significant contributory or contingent effect on the originally stated IV-DV relationship

4. Variables (Cont’d) Extraneous variables
Infinite number of variables has little or no effect on a given situation can be safely ignored
Extraneous variables as the control

5. Variables (Cont’d)
Intervening variables: the factor which theoretically affects the observed phenomenon but cannot be seen, measured, or manipulated; its effect must be inferred from the effects of the independent and moderator variables on the observed phenomenon

6. Theoretical Framework
Theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is based
Logically developed, described, and elaborated network of association among the variables deemed relevant to the problem situation and identified through such processes as interviews, observations, and literature survey.
Experience and intuition

7. Theoretical Framework (Cont’d)
5 basic features that should be incorporated in any theoretical framework:
Variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labeled in the discussions
The discussions should state how two or more variables are related to one another

8. Theoretical Framework (Cont’d)
5 basic features that should be incorporated in any theoretical framework (Cont’d):
There should be an indication in the discussions as to whether the relationships would be positive or negative
There should be a clear explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exist
A schematic diagram should be given so that the reader can see and easily comprehend the theorized relationships

9. Hypotheses Development
Hypothesis: a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement
Formulating such testable statement is called hypotheses development

10. Hypotheses Development (Cont’d)
Statement of hypotheses: Formats
If-Then statement
Directional and nondirectional hypotheses
Null and alternate hypotheses
Null hypothesis: expressed as no (significant) relationship between two variables or no (significant) difference between two groups
Alternate hypothesis: statement expressing a relationship between two variables or indicating differences between groups

11. Hypotheses Testing Steps to be followed in hypothesis testing:
State the null and alternate hypotheses
Choose the appropriate statistical test depending whether the data collected are parametric or nonparametric
Determine the level of significance desired
See if the output results indicate that the significance level is met
When the resultant value > critical value, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternate is accepted. If calculated value < critical value, the null is accepted and the alternate rejected