Pelvic inflammatory disease infection Involve - (PID) is a generic term for inflammation of the uterus( (endmetritis), fallopian tubes (salpingitis), and/or ovaries(overitis) as it progresses to scar formation with adhesions to nearby tissues and organs.inflammationfallopian tubesovariesadhesions -This may lead to infections. PID is a vague term and can refer to viral, fungal, parasitic, women with abortion, IUD, and multiparity are at high risk. Most often bacterial infection is the cause of PID. PID should be classified by affected organs, the stage of the infection, and the organism(s) causing it. Although an STI is often the cause, many other routes are possible, including lymphatic, postpartum, (either miscarriage or abortion) or intrauterine device (IUD) related, and hematogenous spread. Two thirds of patients with laparoscopic evidence of previous PID were not aware they had PID.STIintrauterine device (IUD)hematogenouslaparoscopic

- Epidemiology more than a million women are affected by PID each month, and the rate is highest with teenagers and first time mothers. PID causes over 100,000 women to become infertile in the US each year.infertile N. gonorrhea is isolated in 40-60% of women with acute salpingitis. trachomatis is estimated to be the cause in about 60% of cases of salpingitis, which may lead to PID.N. gonorrheasalpingitis trachomatis However, not all PID is caused by STIs; organisms that are considered normal vaginal flora can be involved, and individual cases of PID can be due to either a single organism or a co-infection of many different species.vaginal flora It was noted in one study that PID is the leading cause of infertility. "A single episode of PID results in infertility in 13% of women, This rate of infertility increases with each infection.

What are the Symptoms PID range from sub clinical (asymptomatic) to severe. If there are symptoms then fever, cervical motion tenderness, lower abdominal, new or different discharge, painful intercourse, or irregular menstrual bleeding may be noted. It is important to note that even asymptomatic PID can and does cause serious harm. Laparoscopic identification is helpful in diagnosing tubal disease, 65-90% positive predictive value in patients with presumed PID. Regular Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) testing is important for prevention.fevercervicalpainful intercoursemenstrualpositive predictive valueSexually Transmitted Infection (STI)

Differential diagnosis  Appendicitis Appendicitis  Ectopic Ectopic  pregnancy pregnancy  septic abortion septic abortion  hemorrhagic  ruptured ovarian cysts ovarian cysts  tumorstumors  twisted ovarian cyst  degeneration of amyomamyoma

- A sensitive serum pregnancy test should be obtained to rule out ectopic pregnancy. Culdocentesis will differentiate peritoneum (ruptured ectopic pregnancy or hemorrhagic cyst) from pelvic sepsis (salpingitis, ruptured pelvic abscess, or ruptured appendix). -Pelvic and vaginal ultrasounds are helpful in the differential diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy of over six weeks. Laparoscopy is often utilized to diagnose pelvic inflammatory disease, and it is imperative if the diagnosis is not certain or if the patient has not responded to antibiotic therapy after 48 hours.

Treatment Treatment depends on the cause and generally involves use of antibiotic therapy. If the patient has not improved within two to three days after beginning treatment with the antibiotics, they should return to the hospital for further treatment.antibiotic Hospitalization may be necessary if the patient has Tubo-ovarian abscesses; is very ill, immuno-deficient, pregnant, or incompetent; or because a life-threatening condition cannot be ruled out. Treating partners for STIs is a very important part of treatment and prevention. Anyone with PID and partners of patients with PID since six months prior to -diagnosis should be treated to prevent reinfection.

Complications PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive organs, which can later cause serious complications, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility,ectopic pregnancy (the leading cause of pregnancy- related deaths in adult females), and other dangerous complications of pregnancy. Occasionally, the infection can spread to in the peritoneum causing inflammation and the formation of scar tissue on the external surface of the liver (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome). Multiple infections and infections that are treated later are more likely to result in complications.scarringreproductive organsinfertilityectopic pregnancyperitoneumFitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome -Fertility may be restored in women affected by PID. Traditionally tuboplastic surgery was the main approach to correct tubal obstruction or adhesion formation, however success rates tended to be very limited. In vitro fertilization (IVF) has been used to bypass tubal problems and has become the main treatment for patients who want to become pregnant.tuboplasticIVF

Psychotherapy is highly recommended to women diagnosed with PID as the fear of redeveloping the disease after being cured may exist. Effective-Drugs :include cefoxitin cefoxitin cefotetan plus,cefotetan doxycycline, clindamycin plus, doxycyclineclindamycin gentamicin, ampicillin gentamicinampicillin ceftriaxone or cefoxitin plusceftriaxonecefoxitin

Prevention Risk reduction against sexually transmitted infections through barrier methods such as condoms or abstinence; see human sexual behavior for other listings. Risk reductionbarrier methodscondomsabstinencehuman sexual behavior Going to the doctor immediately if symptoms of PID, sexually transmitted infections appear, or after learning that a current or former sex partner has, or might have had a sexually transmitted infection.sexually transmitted infections Getting regular gynecological (pelvic) exams with STI testing to screen for symptom less PID.gynecological Discussing sexual history with a trusted physician in order to get properly screened for sexually transmitted diseases.

Prevention Regularly scheduling STI testing with a physician and discussing which tests will be performed that session.STI testing Getting a STI history from your current partner and insisting they be tested and treated before intercourse. Understanding when a partner says that they have been STI tested they usually mean Chlamydia and gonorrhea in the US, but that those are not all of the sexually transmissible infections.Chlamydiagonorrhea Treating partners to prevent reinfection or spreading the infection to other people.