LIN 1310B Introduction to Linguistics CLASS 8, Jan 30, 2007 LIN 1310B Introduction to Linguistics Prof: Nikolay Slavkov TA: Qinghua Tang

Today Announcements and Reminders: -Test 1 will be next Tuesday -Next Class: Review for Test 1 (think of questions that you might have). -Bring a pencil and an eraser for the Test!!! Today’s Lecture: -Finish Morphology -Do exercises (time permitting)

Review from last time Inflection vs. Derivation: three criteria that distinguish inflection from derivation (category change; order; productivity;) How inflection is marked: affixation, internal change, suppletion; reduplication; tone placement. English typically uses suffixation but also has internal change, and suppletion! Other inflectional phenomena: case and agreement. This is my book; The book is mine. both are possessive.

Concatenative vs Non-concatenative Morphology Concatenative morphology refers to attaching morphemes to one another. In other words affixes attach to bases. It is a linear process. e.g. un-accept-able Non-concatenative morphology refers to a non linear process where you don’t attach different morphemes together. Internal change (drink – drank) and suppletion (go – went) are examples of non-concatenative processes.

Other Morphological Phenomena Cliticization: clitics are morphemes that behave like independent words, yet they cannot stand alone; they must attach to another word called host. E.g. I’m doing well. ’m is a clitic Jean t’aime Jean you-love.3sg ‘Jean loves you’ Cliticization vs. affixation: even though clitics cannot stand alone, i.e. need to attach to something, they are not affixes. Clitics belong to a lexical category (verb, noun or pronoun, preposition, etc.)

Other Morphological Phenomena Conversion = Zero Derivation Conversion is a process in which a word changes its category and meaning without affixation: e.g. run (N) run (V). This is considered derivation because the change of meaning and category. However, because there is no overt affix, we call this zero derivation.

Other Morphological Phenomena Examples of Zero Derivation V derived from N N derived from V To ink a contract a long run To butter the bread a hot drink To ship the package a pleasant drive V derived from A N derived from A to dirty the shirt the poor, gays to empty the glass V derived from P to better the situation down a drink; up the price

Other Morphological Phenomena Zero Derivation and Stress Placement Verb Noun import import implant implant present present subject subject => in these bisyllabic words stress in on the second syllable when they are verbs and on the first syllable when they are nouns.

Other Morphological Phenomena Clipping Clipping is a process in which one or more syllables are deleted from a polysyllabic word. E.g. prof, poli-sci, phys-ed, burger, lab, Liz, Ron, etc.

Other Morphological Phenomena Blends Blends are words created from non-morphemic parts of two already existing words. E.g. brunch, smog, spam, telethon, chunnel, etc. Blends eventually are analysed by native speakers as single morphemes: e.g motel, bit, modem. I.e. people no longer realize they are blends, and thus these items are listed in the lexicon as roots. motel = motor and hotel; bit = binary and digit modem = modular demodulator

Other Morphological Phenomena Backformation Backformation is a process that creates a new word by removing a real or perceived affix from another word. E.g. enthuse ← enthusiasm orient ← orientate ← orientation pea ← pease edit ← editor swindle ← swindler peddle ← peddler liposuct ← liposuction orate ← oration

Other Morphological Phenomena Acronyms and Abbreviations NATO, WTO, AIDS, P.E.I., USA, CIDA Acronyms are pronounced as words, (i.e. not letter by letter). NATO, AIDS, CIDA Abbreviations are pronounced letter by letter: WTO, P.E.I., USA WHO??? (World Health Organization)

Other Morphological Phenomena Word manufacture or coinage Newly invented or coined words: Kodak, Dacron, Orlon, Teflon. => depending on the purposes of the inventor, the word may sound more scientific, more fun, more childish, etc.

Other Morphological Phenomena Onomatopoeia Words that have been created to sound like the thing that they name. E.g. cock-a-doodle-doo, meow, chirp, bow-wow Such words tend to be similar across languages, but variation does occur due to the particular language’s sound system and due to other factors.

OPEN AND CLOSED CLASS ITEMS IN THE LEXICON Open class items include nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs They carry the main semantic content of utterances and are sometimes called content words or content morphemes Closed class items include pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions and other grammatical or function morphemes Inflectional and derivational affixes are also considered closed class morphemes

EXPANDING THE LEXICON WITHOUT DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY Idiom – a fixed phrase whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meanings of the individual words Idioms cannot be syntactically manipulated into questions or passives and still retain their idiomatic meanings Example: the idiom ‘to buy the farm’ does not retain the meaning ‘to die’ in the passive phrase ‘the farm was bought by him’

Morphophonemics The interaction between morphology and phonology is called morphophonemics or morphophonology. pills [z] lips [s] judges [əz] pills [s] cannot occur after [l] ???else??? [s] cannot occur after [l] when there is a morpheme boundary => interaction between morphology and phonology.

Exercises ex 6, p. 127 of text Do a tree for each of the following words: inexpensive, redisposal, disinvestment.

Exercises ex 10, p. 128 Inflection or Derivation? a) go, goes, going, gone b) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability c) lovely, lovelier, loveliest d) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’ e) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize

Exercises Do a tree for the following: invalid (His conclusions are invalid) optionality disobeys (He disobeys his mother)

Exercises In Class (time permitting): Exercises 6, 10, 4 , 16, 1, 13, of text DGD: p. 85, p. 87 p.98 ex 5, p. 91, p. 95 of study guide