The major groups of life
Classification Is Tricky…
Parts of the Ocean
Figure 2.19
Figure Marine zones
PELAGIC ZONES: “water column” (1) Oceanic – beyond shelf break (2) Neritic – area that lies over shelf Then this is divided vertically by depth: (1) Epipelagic: shallowest (w/ lots of light) (2) Mesopelagic: below (minimal light, no primary production, “twilight zone”) (3) Bathypelagic, Abyssopelagic, Hadopelagic: at bottom (no light, “deep sea environment”) ORGANISMS THAT LIVE IN PELAGIC ZONE ARE IN WATER COLUMN ONLY = PLANKTON and NEKTON
Who lives in these zones?
Figure 10.11
PLANKTON and NEKTON Plankton – “free floating” –Zooplankton –Phytoplankton –These live at the top of the pelagic environment Vs. THOSE THAT SWIM – Nekton These also live in pelagic environment
Figure 15.2 Plankton (sorted by Size)
SUMMARY: Epipelagic Organisms: “upper open sea” realm No structure thus organisms live suspended in water Photic zone thus lots of photosynthesis & primary production taking place “Plant Plankton” = phytoplankton (diatoms, dinoflagellates etc.) “Animal Plankton” = zooplankton (all inverts. And other “floating” animals) Nekton: large, swimmers, live here too
Figure 16.01
Fnft: A spatial classification of marine organisms
We know what the ocean zones are and who lives there…but HOW do they live there together? TROPHIC STRUCTURE: –Flow of energy or matter through an ecosystem, a “feeding” or trophic system –Primary, Secondary etc. PRODUCERS (autotrophs) AND CONSUMERS (heterotrophs) –Food web/chain/pyramid
Fnft: Food pyramid that leads to an adult herring
Figure antarctic food chain
Figure antarctic food web
Figure Herring during different stages of development (growth)
Figure Epipelagic Food web
Epipelagic food web
Fnft: Major biotic components of a marine ecosystem Adapted from W. D. Russell-Hunter. Aquatic Productivity. Macmillan, 1970
Fnft: Simplified paths of the flow of oxygen and carbon in an idealized marine ecosystem
Fnft: Biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen or phosphorus
Fnft: Energy flow in a marine ecosystem
First we look at the UNICELLULAR… Small! But critical portion of food web (everything else eats them!) KINGDOM: Protista (ex.) Unicellular algae = diatom, dinoflagellate Typically planktonic
Dinoflagellate A unicellular planktonic algae
–(Macro)Algae – Multicellular –Still Protista
Algae: Sea weed
Algae: knotted rockweed
–The invertebrates –Animalia
Summary of Invertebrates Phylum: Porifera (Sponges) No Symmetry No order, aggregate/collection of cells Phylum: Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Sea Anemone, Sea fan etc.) Radial Symmetry (polyp, medussa) “stinging cells” Originally called “coelenterates” WORMS: Phylum: Nematode (roundworm) Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworm) Phylum: Annelida (segmented worm) Bilateral Symmetry Oligochaete Leech
Phylum: Mollusca (snail, clam, octopus) bilateral symmetry soft body in a shell Phylum: Arthropoda (crab, amphipod) bilateral symmetry segmented, jointed-body Phylum: Echinodermata (sea star, urchin) 5 way, radial, symmetry no head, endoskeleton, water vas. Sys.
sponge
ctenophore: Comb jelly
Porifera: Fire Sponge
Platyhelminthes, ruffled flatworm
Annelid: Christmas Tree worm
Mollusc: Mussel beds
Mollusc: Flamingo shell
Spawning giant clam
Mollusc: giant clam
Mollusc: Chambered Nautilus
Mollusc: Octopus
Blue Ringed Octopus
Zoea crab Larvae
Arthropod: Arrow Crab
Echinoderm: Blue Sea Star
Echinoderm: Sea Urchins
–The chordates
Shark embryo Chordate:
Longlure Frogfish
Chordate(s): Juv. Half Moon fish Feed on Ocean Sunfish
Whale Shark
They can be very big!
Yellow Jawfish w/ eggs in mouth
Chordate: Sea Horse
Chordate: Lionfish
Chordate: Black Spotted Puffer
Chordate: Hawksbill Turtle
Albatross
Chordate: Sea Lion
Humpback Whale