1. Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

2. Environments Pelagic……the water Benthic…..the bottom

3. Neritic Nearshore Shallower than 200m Omit many details here

4. 200 m Neritic

5. Oceanic Away from continental shelf Depth zones

6. Oceanic provinces Epipelagic Surface down to 200m Mesopelagic 200-1000m Bathypelagic 1000-4000m

7. 1000 m 4000 m 200 m Oceanic Epipelagic Mesopelagic Bathypelagic

8. Light zones in ocean Euphotic Light for photosynthesis Usually 0-100 m Aphotic Without light Deeper than 1000 m

9. Benthic Environment Similar zones as pelagic Omit details and new names

10. Organisms (in general) Plankton: floaters Many varieties Nekton: swimmers Won’t deal with these in this course Benthos: bottom dwellers A few varieties

11. Plankton Phytoplankton Carry on photosynthesis Diatoms, coccolithophores, dinoflagellates

12. PHYTOPLANKTON

13. Plankton (2) Zooplankton Consumers Radiolarians, forams, others

14. ZOOPLANKTON

15. Plankton (3) Meroplankton Part of life as a plankton Part of life as nekton or benthos Examples (oysters, barnacles, crabs, fish egg)

16. Plankton (4) Holoplankton Whole life in planktonic form Examples (diatoms, for instance)

17. Benthic organisms Epifuana Lives on top of sediments Examples (barnacles, starfish, crabs) Infauna Lives within sediments Examples (clams, worms)

18. Epifauna

19. Infauna (a, b, c, e)

20. Distribution of life Land vs. sea Benthic vs. Pelagic

21. Land 86% Sea 14% Benthic 98% Pelagic 2% Why these patterns?

22. Making a living in the ocean Food chains and food webs Primary productivity, respiration, decomposition Depth zone differences Relationship between resources and numbers of organisms Differences between “climate” zones

23. Food webs and chains

24. Primary productivity Photosynthesis carbon dioxide + water sugar + oxygen Chemosynthesis hydrogen sulfide + water + oxygen + carbon dioxide sugar + sulfuric acid

25. Respiration and decay Basically the opposite of photosynthesis Releases nutrients back into the ocean Uses oxygen (consider other sources of oxygen to the ocean)

26. Oxygen with depth (red) Nutrients with depth ( green)

27. Example of primary producers Algae Diatoms Coccolithophores Dinoflagellates Basis of food webs and ecosystems

28. Variations in productivity verses latitude Photic zone important for photosynthesis Some areas of ocean are light limited, some are nutrient limited, some are both Pictures can tell the story of relationships ……….