Respiratory System

identify and give functions for the following structures: - Nasal cavity  Larynx  alveoli  Trachea  diaphragm and ribs  Bronchi  pleural membranes  Bronchioles  pharynx  thoracic cavity - Nasal cavity  Larynx  alveoli  Trachea  diaphragm and ribs  Bronchi  pleural membranes  Bronchioles  pharynx  thoracic cavity

Respiratory system  Responsible for O 2 entering and CO 2 leaving body  Functions in coordination with the circulatory system  Responsible for O 2 entering and CO 2 leaving body  Functions in coordination with the circulatory system

Upper Respiratory Tract

Resp system diagram

BREATHING  The inner pleural membrane is fused to the lungs  While the outer pleural membrane adheres to the rib cage.  A thin layer of fluid lies between the two layers. BREATHING  The inner pleural membrane is fused to the lungs  While the outer pleural membrane adheres to the rib cage.  A thin layer of fluid lies between the two layers. Video 23s)

Pleural Membrane  These membranes create and maintain an environment of NEGATIVE PRESSURE in the thoracic cavity.  Negative pressure is air pressure that is less (756mmHg) than the pressure of the surrounding air (760mmHg)  These membranes create and maintain an environment of NEGATIVE PRESSURE in the thoracic cavity.  Negative pressure is air pressure that is less (756mmHg) than the pressure of the surrounding air (760mmHg)

 If the seal between the pleural membranes is broken (air gets between them) the lungs will collapse.

Reconstructive plastic surgery of the nose tip (after traumatic amputation from a human bite)

What happens?? 1.Breathing inhalation(inspiration)/expiration(exhalation) 2. External Respiration: exchange of gases between air and blood alveoli with capillaries) 3. Internal Respiration: exchange of gases between blood and tissue capillaries and tissue cells) 4. Cellular Respiration 1.Breathing inhalation(inspiration)/expiration(exhalation) 2. External Respiration: exchange of gases between air and blood alveoli with capillaries) 3. Internal Respiration: exchange of gases between blood and tissue capillaries and tissue cells) 4. Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Absorbed at small intestine. Arrives at cells via capillaries. Diffuses from capillaries into tissue fluid Inhaled at lungs arrives via capillaries Diffuses into tissue fluid Produced in cell. Diffuses into capillary. Exhaled at lungs Produced at cell. Diffuses into capillary For use within cell

Breathing  As air enters the body, it is:  1. Warmed  2. Filtered (by nose hairs and mucus)  3. Moistened  Video Video  As air enters the body, it is:  1. Warmed  2. Filtered (by nose hairs and mucus)  3. Moistened  Video Video

Mucus: traps foreign particles and debris Cilia: short, hair-like projections that propels the mucus, impurities out of respiratory tract These structures contain cilia and mucus secreting goblet cells

 Showing nasal polyps - a swelling of the lining (mucosa) of the nose.  generally occur due to long-standing inflammation of the mucosa and the sinuses surrounding the nasal cavity  Showing nasal polyps - a swelling of the lining (mucosa) of the nose.  generally occur due to long-standing inflammation of the mucosa and the sinuses surrounding the nasal cavity

Overhead notes!

B) Mechanism of Expiration/Exhalation Alveoli have been stretched due to inspiration Stretch receptors in the walls of the alveolar sacs are stimulated Alveoli have been stretched due to inspiration Stretch receptors in the walls of the alveolar sacs are stimulated

Feedback of information to the breathing centers in the medulla oblongata inhibits (stops) the motor nerve impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Diaphragm and ribs relax; the diaphragm becomes dome shaped and the ribs swing down and in. The volume of the chest cavity decreases creating a high pressure environment Air rushes out of the lungs due to increased pressure compared to the outside. The lungs recoil Diaphragm and ribs relax; the diaphragm becomes dome shaped and the ribs swing down and in. The volume of the chest cavity decreases creating a high pressure environment Air rushes out of the lungs due to increased pressure compared to the outside. The lungs recoil Inflating Giraffe’s Lungs

Giraffe Dissection  Intro to Giraffe Dissection Intro to Giraffe Dissection  Inflating Giraffe’s lungs Inflating Giraffe’s lungs  Giraffe’s larynx Giraffe’s larynx  Intro to Giraffe Dissection Intro to Giraffe Dissection  Inflating Giraffe’s lungs Inflating Giraffe’s lungs  Giraffe’s larynx Giraffe’s larynx

External Respiration In the lungs Air sacs with thin walls surrounded by capillaries Site of gas exchange - driven by passive diffusion O 2 moves from alveoli to blood Video

Overhead notes

Internal and external respiration

 Pneumonia  Infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi,  Alveoli become flooded and inflamed  Pneumonia  Infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi,  Alveoli become flooded and inflamed

Respiration and Health

Caused by Virus or bacteria Acute Bronchitis

Chronic Bronchitis

Strep Throat Caused by bacterial infection Symptoms include fever and difficulty swallowing

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Caused by bacteria Results in burst alveoli  replaced by inelastic connective tissue Skin test can be done to see if exposed to TB

Emphysema Destruction of alveolar walls (rupture) due to collapse of bronchioles Loss of alveoli results in reduced surface area for gas exchange  not enough O 2 reaching heart and brain  heart works harder to supply O 2 to cells

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Scarring of the lung due to secondary diseases Excess fibrous connective tissue