VIRY, DREW, LORI, AND MARA FRQ & Math Tips

Equations Although the math section of the AP Environmental Science exam may seem daunting, there are some simple equations and conversions that could greatly benefit you. Population Density= Population ÷ Area Birth/Death Rate= Number of births/deaths ÷ Number of people Growth Rate= [(Birth+Immigration) – (Death+Emmigration)] ÷ Initial Population, multiplied by 100 Doubling Time= Rule of 70= 70 ÷ Growth Rate

Conversions Length 1 inch (in) = 2.54 centimeters (cm) exactly 1 foot (ft) = meters (m) 1 yard (yd) = meters (m) 1 mile (mi) = 5280 feet (ft) = 1.61 kilometers (km) 1 centimeter (cm) = inches (in) 1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm) = 39.4 inches (in) = 3.28 feet (ft) = 1.09 yards (yd) 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m) = miles (mi) Area = length x width 1 square inch (in 2 ) = square feet (ft 2 = 6.45 square centimeters, cm 2 1 square foot, (ft 2 ) = 144 square inches (in 2 = square meters, m 2 1 square yard (yd 2 = 1296 square inches (in 2 = 9 square feet (ft 2 = square meters (m 2 1 square mile (mi 2 = 640 acres = 2.59 square kilometers (km 2 1 acre = 160 square rods = 43,560 square feet (ft 2 ) = hectares 1 hectare = 10,000 square meters (m 2 = 100 ares = 2.47 acres

Volume = length x width x height 1 cubic inch (in 3 ) = cubic feet (ft 3 ) = 16.4 cubic centimeters (cm 3 ) 1 cubic foot (ft 3 ) = 1728 cubic inch (in 3 ) = cubic meters (m 3 ) 1 cubic yard (yd 3 ) = 27 cubic feet (ft 3 ) = 4.65 x 10 4 cubic inch (in 3 ) = cubic meters (m 3 ) 1 cubic meters (m 3 ) = 106 cubic centimeters (cm 3 ) = 1,000 liters (L) = 35.3 cubic feet (ft 3 ) 1 quart (qt) = 2 pints (pt) = 946 milliliters (mL) = liters (L) 1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts = 231 cubic inch (in 3 ) = 3.79 liters (L) 1 liter (L) = 1000 cubic centimeters (cm 3 ) = 1.06 quarts (qt) = gallons (gal) Mass 1 kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams Temperature o F = 9/5 x o C + 32 o C = ( o F - 32) x 5/9 Absolute Temperature, kelvin, K = o C K = o C = o F Normal Body Temperature = 98.6 o F Work and Energy or Heat Work = Force x parallel distance 1 joule, J = ft. lb = 107 ergs 1 calorie, cal = 4.18 J = British Thermal Units, Btu Power = Work/time 1 Watt, W = 1 J/s = ft·lb/s = hp 1 kW = 1.34 hp

Do’s and Don’t’s DO read questions thoroughly. DO make sure to answer everything that is being asked. DO write clearly and neatly. DO go into detail. DO carefully label your diagrams–they get no points otherwise! DO bring a watch to pace yourself! DON’T ramble! Get to the point and move on to the next question. DON’T use a pencil. Essays in pencil will not even be graded. DON’T panic. You will not know everything on the test. DON’T worry about spelling or grammar, but keep in mind that very poor spelling and grammar may confuse the reader. DON’T leave questions blank– there is no penalty for guessing. Most importantly: DON’T QUIT!

Tips Read through all of the questions to determine which you feel most prepared to answer. Erasing wastes time–just write a line through whatever you think is incorrect. Don’t forget to include the proper units! Organize your answers. At least attempt the math questions–most students don’t even attempt them.