Two Types of Maps: Reference Maps -Show locations of places and geographic features -Absolute locations What are reference maps used for? Thematic Maps -Tell a story about the degree of an attribute, the pattern of its distribution, or its movement. -Relative locations What are thematic maps used for?
Geographic Information System: a collection of computer hardware and software that permits storage and analysis of layers of spatial data.
Reliability of Population Data, Fertility/Mortality/Birth rate Precursor to Demographic Transition Model
Population Change Measured: Crude Birth Rate (CBR) Crude Death Rate (CDR) Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Crude Birth Rate: CBR Total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people. – What does a CBR of 50 mean?
Crude Death Rate: CDR Number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive
Natural Increase Rate: NIR Percent by which a population grows in a year – Subtract CDR from CBR after converting the numbers to percentages – CDR 5 per 1000 – CBR 20 per 1000
Natural Increase Rate: NATURAL increase rate: How the population naturally increases. Does this include migration to and from the country?
Doubling Time Rate of natural increase affects the doubling time: number of years needed to double a population (constant rate of natural increase) Rate of 1.2: in 2100 the population would be 24 billion
Population Decline: What countries/regions? – NIR declining in Europe
Differences in Growth Rates: Fertility rates Mortality rates We use both to explain how countries and regions vary in population growth (or even population decline)
Fertility Crude Birth Rates: total number of live births a year per 1000 people. CBRs mirror Natural increase rates (NIRs) on maps
Mortality Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 per 1000 live births Life Expectancy
Mortality: Life expectancy: – Average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live – High life expectancy where?
What is overpopulation? Number of people exceeds the environment’s ability to support life
Help? Economic growth must be faster than population growth --> impoverishment
Global food production map
Government Policies: Cont’d Restrictive Population Policies – China: 1-child policy (housing privileges, financial opportunities, education) Abortion, female infanticide, orphan girls – India
Migration Permanent move to a new location
Flow of Migration Emigration – Migration FROM a location Immigration – Migration TO a location
Migrant labor
Push Factors vs. Pull Factors Push Factor: induces people to move out of their location Pull factor: induces people to move into a new location I think I need to move…
Main reason for international migration? Job related opportunities
Gender Who is more likely to migrate? Why?
Impact of Immigration Diffusion of culture – Religion – Art – Music – Literature – Philosophy – Ethics – Cultural traditions
Impact of Illegal Immigration Immigration allowance: high 11.9mil undocumented, +500,000 come each year 59% from Mexico 22% from Latin America 12% from Asia
View from Mexico Mexico is both a source and destination Views from Northerners vs. Southerners Remittance