Alister McGrath, Christian Theology: An Introduction Chapter 3: The Age of Reformation, c.1500-c.1750 Wiley-Blackwell 2010.

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Presentation transcript:

Alister McGrath, Christian Theology: An Introduction Chapter 3: The Age of Reformation, c.1500-c.1750 Wiley-Blackwell 2010

Introducing the Reformation Formation of Protestant churches in western Europe Renewal and reform of the Catholic church Expansion of western Christianity Reformation - or Reformations? –Protestant Reformation –Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) –Radical Reformation –Second Reformation Wiley-Blackwell 2010

The Dynamics of Reformation Six meanings of the term –The German Reformation (Lutheranism) –The Swiss Reformation (Calvinism; Reformed) –The radical Reformation (Anabaptism) –The English Reformation (Anglicanism) –The Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) –The Second Reformation (within Protestantism) The German Reformation: Lutheranism –Martin Luther ( ) –“Ninety-five Theses” –Lutheran Reformation, 1522 –From academic reform to reform of church and society Wiley-Blackwell 2010

The Swiss Reformation: the Reformed church –Huldrych Zwingli ( ) and Heinrich Bullinger ( ) –John Calvin ( ) –Calvinism and Reformed theology The radical Reformation: Anabaptism –“rebaptizers” –Conrad Grebel (c ) –Radical sola scriptura principles –Common elements Distrust of external authority Rejection of infant baptism Common ownership of property Pacifism and nonresistance Wiley-Blackwell 2010

The English Reformation: Anglicanism –Henry VIII ( ) –Thomas Cranmer ( ), archbishop of Canterbury –Edward VI ( ) –Mary Tudor ( ) –Elizabeth I ( ) and the Elizabethan Settlement The Catholic Reformation –Council of Trent (1545) –Reaction and internal reform The Second Reformation: Confessionalization –Confessions of Faith –New concern for method –Society of Jesus (founded 1534) –Period of orthodoxy ( ) A new concern for theological method The development of works of systematic theology Wiley-Blackwell 2010

Post-Reformation Movements The consolidation of Catholicism –The Council of Trent ( ) Correction of problems (abuse, corruption) Defined and defended controversial Catholic teachings –Continuity with patristic writers and apostolic teaching Marguerin de la Bigne’s Library of the Fathers, 1575 Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches –Molinism –Jansenism Wiley-Blackwell 2010

Puritanism –Version of Reformed theology –Experiential and pastoral aspects of faith –Richard Baxter ( ) –Jonathan Edwards ( ) Pietism –Christian doctrine in everyday Christian life –Philip Jakob Spener’s Pious Wishes (Pia Desideria), 1675 –Nikolaus Ludwig Graf von Zinzendorf ( ) A religion of the heart; a living faith –John Wesley ( ) Methodist movement Wiley-Blackwell 2010

The Copernican and Galilean Controversies Nicolas Copernicus ( ) –Heliocentric model (Copernican revolution) –Question of interpretation of Scripture Galileo Galilei ( ) –Defense of the Copernican theory –Official papal condemnation The “proper meaning” of the words of Scripture Innovative interpretations of Scripture deemed wrong Wiley-Blackwell 2010

Key Theologians Martin Luther ( ) –Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation –The Babylonian Captivity of the Christian Church –The Liberty of a Christian Huldrych Zwingli ( ) –Eucharist as memorial of Christ’s death John Calvin ( ) –Institutes of the Christian Religion Teresa of Avila ( ) –Mystical theology –The Interior Castle of the Soul –“doctor of the church” Wiley-Blackwell 2010

Theodore Beza ( ) –Theological Treatises (Reformed theology and Aristotelian logic) Roberto Bellarmine ( ) –Disputations Concerning the Controversies of the Christian Faith Johann Gerhard ( ) –Theological Commonplaces (systematic presentation of Lutheran theology) Jonathan Edwards ( ) –America’s first great theologian –The “Great Awakening” Wiley-Blackwell 2010

Key Theological Developments The sources of theology –Sola scriptura Beliefs must be grounded in Scripture Public status of Scripture within the church –Council of Trent: Scripture and tradition The doctrine of grace –By faith alone (sola fide) –Justification and predestination The doctrine of the sacraments –Outward signs of God’s invisible grace The doctrine of the church –Martin Bucer and John Calvin Wiley-Blackwell 2010

Developments in Theological Literature The catechisms –Luther’s “Greater Catechism” –Luther’s “Lesser Catechism” –Geneva Catechism –Heidelberg Catechism –Catholic catechisms Confessions of faith –Three levels of authority Scripture Creeds Confessions Works of systematic theology –Philip Melanchthon, Loci communes (Commonplaces) –John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion –Melchior Cano, Theological Commonplaces –Roberto Bellarmine, Disputations Concerning the Controversies of the Christian Faith Against the Heretics of this Age Wiley-Blackwell 2010