Bacteria and Disease Anthrax

Kingdoms of Life

Archaebacteria Found in harsh environments (undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water)

Eubacteria true bacteria ･Most bacteria are in this kingdom ･Three basic shapes cocci (spheres) bacilli (rod shaped) spirilla (corkscrew)

Eukaryotic Cells                                                              Animal cell

Plant cell

Prokaryotic Cells

Bacteria

Notice the lack of Nucleus and Organelles

Parts of Bacteria Plasmid - contains some genes obtained through genetic recombination Capsule – a gel-like layer located on the outside of the cell wall Cell wall - Protects the cell and gives it shape

Parts of Bacteria cont. Endospores – a spore (seed) created by the bacteria if harsh conditions occur. It can germinate years later when conditions are good again Pili – are used by bacteria to adhere to other surfaces and in some cases to share DNA with another bacterial cell (conjugation)

Gram Staining ･Developed in 1884 by Danish microbiologist, Hans Gram Bacteria are stained purple with Crystal Violet & iodine Rinsed with alcohol to decolorize; then restained with Safranin (red dye) Bacterial walls stain either purple or reddish pink

Gram Positive Bacteria (Gram+) Stain purple Include lactobacilli (used to make yogurt), streptococcus (strep throat) and botulism (food poisoning) Can be treated with penicillin (antibiotics) and sulfa drugs

Gram stain positive Bacillus anthracis (purple rods) in cerebrospinal fluid. The other cells are white blood cells.

Gram Negative Bacteria (Gram -) Stain pink or reddish Lipid layer prevents purple stain and antibiotics from entering (antibiotic resistant) Rhizobacteria grow in the roots of legumes and fix nitrogen from air for plants Examples include E. coli and Salmonella Cause Lyme disease, syphillis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (from ticks) Lysozyme with EDTA (acid) can be used in medicines to combat these bacteria

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Gram negative

Types of Bacteria Bacilli = rod shaped

Cocci = round

Spirilli = spiral shaped

Bacilli - rod shaped

Diseases Black Plague AGENT VECTOR (pathogen) (Carries pathogen) HOST (becomes sick)

Disease Triangle (you) (Vector)

How do Bacteria cause disease? They metabolize their host Bacteria can secrete enzymes that break down the tissue they are living on and then they absorb the nutrients example – Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB Bacteria can secrete toxins into their environment Clostridium botulinum – causes food poisoning E. coli – causes food poisoning

Staph infections

Caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Syphilis A spirilli bacterium

Treatment of Bacterial Infections Antibiotics -these are chemicals that interfere with cellular processes of bacteria - created by other living organisms naturally - do not work on viruses because they do not have cellular processes to disrupt

Importance of Bacteria Food and Chemical production

Mining and Environmental uses Farmers use crop rotation with legumes which allows bacteria to add nitrogen back to the soil Some bacteria metabolize oils and help clean up oil spills