1. KEY CONCEPT Kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria are composed of single-celled prokaryotes.

2. Prokaryotes are widespread on Earth.
Prokaryotes can be grouped by their need for oxygen.
obligate aerobes are need oxygen
facultative aerobes can live with or without oxygen
obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen

3. plasmid (circular DNA) flagellum Pili (genetic exchange)
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are structurally similar but have different molecular characteristics.
flagellum
pili
plasmid
cell wall
chromosome
plasma membrance
This diagram shows the typical structure of a prokaryote. Archaea and bacteria look very similar, although they have important molecular differences.
plasmid (circular DNA)
flagellum
Pili (genetic exchange)

4. Domain Archaea, Kingdom Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria are typically obligate anaerobes.
Live in extremely harsh environments, ex.stomachs of cows, high salt concentrated areas such as the Dead Sea and in sulfur springs or deep sea vents.
Divided into 3 groups: methanogens (methane producers, halophiles (salt loving) and thermophiles (heat loving)
Come in a variety of shapes, similar to Eubacteria.
There is no peptidoglycan in their cell walls, contain entirely different lipids than Eubacteria.
***Eubacteria is actually evolutionary older than Archeabacteria

5. Domain Bacteria, Kingdom Eubacteria
Eubacteria commonly come in three forms.
rod-shaped, called bacilli
spiral, called spirilla or spirochetes
spherical, called cocci
Lactobacilli: rod-shaped
Spirochaeta: spiral
Enterococci: spherical

6. Eubacteria groups (prefixes describe bacteria)
Diplo: two
Staphlo: cluster
Strepto: chain
Ex. Diplococcus
Ex. Staphlospirlli
Ex. Streptobacillus

7. Eubacteria
The amount of peptidoglycan within the cell wall can differ between Eubacteria: Gram negative has extra outer membrane, Gram positive cell wall just peptidoglycan
GRAM NEGATIVE
GRAM POSITIVE

8. Gram staining identifies bacteria. stains polymer peptidoglycan
gram-positive stains purple, more peptidoglycan
gram-negative stains pink, less peptidoglycan
Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and stain red.
Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer and stain purple.

9. Bacteria have various strategies for survival.
Form of genetic recombination is conjugation.
Prokaryotes exchange genes using pili
conjugation bridge
TEM; magnification 6000x

10. Other forms of genetic exchange
Transduction: exchange of genes using a virus
Transformation: endocytosis of DNA

11. Bacteria survival
Bacteria may survive by forming endospores.
Resistant to most cleaning agents and temperature changes
Creates double membrane around DNA to survive harsh conditions
Sterilize versus disinfect?

12. Prokaryotes provide nutrients to humans and other animals.
Prokaryotes live in digestive systems of animals.
make vitamins and medicines
break down food
fill niches (role in ecosystem)

13. Bacteria help ferment many foods.
yogurt, cheese
pickles, sauerkraut
soy sauce, vinegar

14. Prokaryotes play important roles in ecosystems.
Prokaryotes have many functions in ecosystems.
photosynthesize
recycle carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfur
fix nitrogen (make it useable)

15. Bioremediation uses prokaryotes to break down pollutants.
oil spills
biodegradable materials

16. Some bacteria cause disease.
Bacteria cause disease by one of two methods:
invading tissues
making toxins (poison released by an organism)

17. Normally harmless bacteria can become destructive.
immune system may be lowered

18. Ex. Tuberculoses (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Bacteria multiply in the lungs, killing WBCs
Host releases histamines which cause swelling

19. Ex. Staph poisoining (Staphylococcus aureus)
Food poisoning caused by mishandling of food
Infection of the skin

20. Ex. Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
Improperly canned foods contaminated with endospores

21. Ex. Flesh eating bacteria (Streptococci)
Colonize tissue through cut or scrape

22. Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease.
Antibiotics may stop bacterial cell wall formation.
Their role is to interfere with the ability of the bacteria’s reproduction process.

23. Overuse of Antibiotics
Bacteria become resistant due to exposure
Underuse of Antibiotics
Kill the weak bacteria while stronger bacteria become resistant
Misuse of Antibiotics
Viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics, allowing normal bacteria to become resistant or killing them

24. Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics.
1. Bacterium carries genes for antibiotic resistance on a plasmid (circular DNA).
2. Copy of the plasmid is transferred through conjugation (using pili).
3. Resistance is quickly spread through many bacteria.