Animal Science 1 Unit 1

 Discuss briefly the history of the domestication of farm animals  List and explain the functions of livestock  Describe the size of the livestock industry in the United States  Describe the size of the livestock industry in South Dakota

 Important part of farming in the United States  People depend upon livestock for food and clothing  Livestock production and success depend on many factors  Research in animal science is carried on by many state universities and the USDA.

 What is domestication? ◦ To adapt the behavior of an animal to fit the needs of people  Began when early humans had contact with the wild animals they hunted for food and skins  As time went on people began to confine these wild animals and breed them in captivity.  This lead to selective breeding and a more settled way of life for the human race.

 Descendants of Bos taurus and Bos indicus ◦ Bos taurus are domestic cattle from either the Aurochs or the Celtic Shorthorn ◦ Bos indicus are the humped cattle found in tropical countries.

 Brought by Columbus on his second voyage in 1493  More were brought in 1553  The English were the first to bring large numbers of cattle when they founded the Jamestown Colony in 1611  Longhorn cattle were brought to Mexico in 1521 ◦ They later spread throughout the western US as they were brought to Christian missions built by the Spanish  Major growth of large cattle herds took place in the Great Plains due to plentiful grazing  The North Central US became a major region for finishing cattle due to good grain supplies

Dairy cattle moved west with the pioneers Before the 1850’s most farms had at least 1 milk cow During the last half of the 19 th Century dairy herds began to increase in size as a market for dairy products increased in the cities. Dairy cattle numbers increased from that time until they peaked in 1940’s Since that time they have been declining steadily Milk is still produced in all 50 states but dairying as a major enterprise on the farm tends to be concentrated in several states. WEB QUEST—FIND the TOP TEN DAIRY PRODUCING STATES

 Come from two wild stocks  Were first tamed by the Chinese  Brought to the US by Columbus on his second voyage in 1493  The first major swine increase in the United States occurred when the Spanish explorer DeSoto brought 13 hogs to Florida. ◦ As he moved he took the hogs with him and by the time he reached the upper Mississippi Valley the number of swine had increased to 700.  English settlers also brought hogs with them.

 Some of the first animals tamed  Ancestry is not well known; there are more than 200 breeds of sheep in the world  Big Horn (Rocky Mt.) sheep are the only sheep native to North America  Columbus brought sheep on his 2 nd voyage  Merino sheep were brought to Mexico by Cortez  British sheep breeds were imported to Virginia in 1609  Sheep were mainly used for wool production

 Closely related to sheep  Early goats came to the United States from Switzerland  Angora goats were imported from Turkey

 Evolved from a tiny four toed ancestor called Eohippus ◦ Eohippus was about a foot high and lived in swamps about 58 million years ago  Changes in feet and skeleton occurred and the descendants of Eohippus grew in size eventually becoming better adapted to the prairie than the swamp.  Eohippus was native to the North American continent but had disappeared entirely before man came to the New World  Horses were not present when Columbus made his voyages.

 Horses were first domesticated in Central Asia or Persia and then spread into Europe  Columbus brought horses to North America on his second voyage in 1493 and Cortez brought them to Mexico in 1519  The first importation of horses into what is now the United States occurred in  Spanish explorers brought horse with them on their explorations and they spread through the western part of the United States ◦ Wild horses now found on western ranges are decedents of these tamed horses.

 Saddle and draft horses were brought to the United States by the colonists  Horses were used for riding and work with the main development of the horse being for riding on plantations  Horse racing was developed into a sport in the 1700’s and early 1800’s  Draft horse were brought to the colonies by Dutch, Puritan and Quaker settlers ◦ Their use declined with the development of other power sources  Today most horses in the United States are used for riding and racing

 Domesticated in India  Although poultry and eggs have been used throughout history, poultry raising has only recently become a major commercial enterprise.

 Fall under two classifications  Mammalia or Mammals  Aves  See Table 1-1 for the classification of common farm animals.

 Many functions  Some benefit all of society; others are important only to the individual farm  Together they are a vital part of the total agriculture of the nation

 Prepare a class presentation on the topic you drew. ◦ Must be a photostory or powerpoint ◦ 15 slides minimum ◦ Will be presented to the class ◦ Sources  Text  Plus at least 2 outside sources  Include a source page ◦ Due on September 8

 Livestock convert feed grains and roughages into food for human consumption  Nonruminant animals are fed large quantities of grain.  Ruminant animals use both grain and roughages to build muscle and fat.

 Animal products are important into the average US diet.  Most important livestock sources of protein and energy for human consumption are: ◦ Beef ◦ Poultry ◦ Swine ◦ Sheep  See fig. 1-7

 The demand for animal fibers is lower now because of the increased use of synthetic fibers. ◦ What are synthetic fibers?  Best known (and probably most widely used) animal fiber is leather.

 Animals once provided much of the power used by man.  Very little animal power is now used in the United States  However in some parts of the world animals still provide the power used by humans

 Horseback Riding  Horse racing  Livestock shows & fairs

 Help conserve soil and soil fertility  Livestock manure returns nutrients taken from the soil by crops back.  Manure can also be used for fuel.  Animal manures can be used as a raw material in methane gas digesters. ◦ The use of methane gas digesters has increased due to high oil prices. ◦ Fuel for the electricity, cooking and heating of the average US farm could be supplied by the manure from about 40 cows.

 Bring stability to the farm business  Livestock make good use of the resources available to farmers—land, labor, capital, management ability—and can increase income.  Including livestock in the farm business spreads the risk over more enterprises and spread labor and income more evenly throughout the year.

 It costs a lot of money to transport bulky feeds such as hay.  Livestock convert these feeds to more concentrated forms—reducing the cost of transportation. ◦ How do they convert these feeds???

 Any product from an animal other than meat  Edible by-products ◦ Variety meats ◦ Oleo stearine- used to make candy and gum ◦ Hooves, horns, bone, hide-produce gelatine used to produce gelatin desserts, marshmallows, canned meats, ice cream

 Hides used to produce leather are the most important  Inedible fats are used to produce cosmetics, waxes, soaps, lubricants, printing ink  Bones, horns and hooves are used to make glue, buttons, bone china, camera film, sandpaper, dice, piano keys, wallpaper  Hair is used in making brushes, rug padding, house insulation, upholstering material for furniture, artists paint brushes

 Blood meal  Meat and bone scrap ◦ Feeding animal by-products to ruminant animals is no longer a practice in the United States due to BSE. Meat and bone mealBlood Meal

 More than 100  Insulin-extracted from the pancreas ◦ Use to treat diabetes  Cortisone-comes from the adrenal glands ◦ Used to treat Rheumatoid arthritis's (RA), adrenal insufficiency, some allergies, diseases of connective tissues, gout  Throumbin- comes from the blood of animals ◦ Used in surgery to clot blood and to help prevent heart attacks  Epinephrine- comes from the adrenal glands ◦ Used for the treatment of some allergies and to help relieve the symptoms of hay fever and asthma  Rennet- comes from the stomach of cows ◦ Used in making cheese. It also helps babies digest milk  Corticotrophin (ACTH)- comes from the pituitary glands in the brain ◦ Used in the treatment of some breathing problems, sever allergies, mononucleosis, leukemia

 Perfumes  Fertilizers  Candles  Lanolin  Glycerin

 See fig. 1-9 A-E p  Why has consumption of red meat declined?  What types of meat have seen an increase in consumption?  What has been done by producer organizations?  What influences eating habits?  What nutritional concerns are driving consumer choices?

 See Table 1-2  Look up what the total income and cost of agricultural products sold from farms in 2007 was.  Look up what farmers spent on total production in  What caused the differences?  Do you think the income and cost for 2008 will be greater or less than 2007?

 Table 1-4  Look at which states are leaders. Why do you think those states hold the position they do?  What things about those states make them leaders?

 See Table 1-5  Discuss.

 Jan 1, 2009 ◦ 8 th All Cattle and Calves ◦ 5 th Beef Cows that have calved ◦ 6 th Calves Born (2008) ◦ 7 th Cattle/Calves on Feed- All Feedlots ◦ 5 th All Sheep and Lambs ◦ 2 nd All Lambs Born (2007)  December 1, 2007 ◦ 11 th All Hogs and Pigs ◦ 9 th Pigs Born (2008) ◦ 21 st Milk Production (20078)  December 31, 2007 ◦ 1 st Bison

 Growing segment of the livestock industry  3 categories of products ◦ Feed additives ◦ Biologicals ◦ Pharmaceuticals  Big business, amounts to more than $4 billion/yr.  Pharmaceuticals make up a little more than $3 billion, biologicals a little more than $500 million, Feed additives a little more than $500 million  Companies that produce animal health products spend millions of dollars on research and development of new products.  Millions more are spent to defend the continued use of products that have already been approved.

 Products used in livestock and poultry production to control or prevent disease, enhance growth, improve feed efficiency

 Vaccines  Bacterins  antitoxins

 Medicines used in disease control and prevention

 Changes in lifestyle and eating habits of people in the United States has a significant impact on the production, processing and marketing of animal products.  WHY????  What trends are we seeing in the way we eat?

 How are most hogs raised in the United States?  How is most poultry raised?  What about beef?  Dairy?

 Use of technology in genetic and reproductive processes is in its early stages.  It will be discussed more in a later unit.

That is the Question….

 Questions about the ethics of animal use date back at least to the time of the ancient Greeks  Until recent times most people were directly engaged in agriculture and understood that proper care resulted in greater productivity  During the 20 th Century fewer people had direct contact with animals (other than household pets) and little understanding of the care and management of animals as practiced in modern agriculture.  This has provided an opportunity for those opposed to the use of animals to gain many converts to their cause.  There is a significant difference between those people who are concerned about animal welfare and those who believe in animal rights.

 Supporters emphasize humane treatment of animals  Believe that animals can be used to benefit humans  Some take the position that there are essential (food, medical research) and non-essential (entertainment) uses  Livestock producers generally support proper feeding, housing, vet care and good management practices because these result in greater productivity.

 Views vary.  Some advocate the total elimination of all animal use by humans.  Others realize that animal use is not going to be eliminated and focus on eliminating animal suffering to the greatest extent possible.  Eliminating animal use would have a major impact on society.  Those who take a moderate approach try to achieve their goals by influencing legislation and through public education campaigns.

 Use of hormones, antibiotics and additives in animal feed  Caging of laying hens  Production of veal calves in crates  Raising swine in confinement and farrowing crates for sows  Management practices such as castration, docking, debeaking and dehorning  Having animals as household pets  Using animals in medical and scientific research  Consuming animal flesh  Using animal skins for clothing or other products  Use of animal products (milk, eggs) for food  Making animals the target for trapping or hunting  Featuring animals in entertainment activities such as horse and dog racing

 Some have been willing to break the law- stealing research animals, damaging property to draw attention to their cause  Demonstrations protesting the use of animals and animal products  Confronting exhibitors at livestock shows with protests  Some of the people involved in the animal rights movement are urban dwellers who have limited direct knowledge of livestock production on the farm.  They also will spread their message by sending information to school children under the label of educational material.  They also maintain sites on the internet to distribute their message.  Which side do you support? Disscuss.

 Laws are enforced by The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the USDA  First federal law dealing with the humane treatment of animals was passed in  Other legislation can be found on page 23 of the text.

 Currently a variety of methods.  The USDA is developing a database of information about individual animals.  They would like to make this system mandatory  To learn more about NAIS please visit

 Becoming a major area of concern  Consumers want 0 health risk in relation to their food; however there is no such thing as 0 risk  Food safety is defined in terms of risk benefit  Most food borne illnesses are caused by bacteria (66%)  Other sources are chemical (25%), viral (5%), parasitic (4%)  See p discuss