Madam Noorulnajwa Diyana Yaacob School of Bioprocess Engineering

CO3:Ability to differentiate scopes and importance of various biotechnological streams.

 THRUST 1 : Agricultural Biotechnology Development  THRUST 2 : Healthcare Biotechnology Development  THRUST 3 : Industrial Biotechnology Development  THRUST 4 : R&D and Technology Acquisition  THRUST 5 : Human Capital Development  THRUST 6 : Financial Infrastructure  THRUST 7 : Legislative and Regulatory Framework  THRUST 8 : Strategic Development  THRUST 9 : Government Support and Commitment

Economic Environment Social INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: IMPACT ON SUSTAINIBILITY Higher profits – lower costs (raw materials, process costs, investments, …) Developing new products Finding new uses for ag crops Creating new jobs and opportunities Rural economic diversification and growth Lower risk for workers (lower temp.) Less negative perception Processes are carbon neutral – no contribution to global warming Products and byproducts are in most cases biodegradable Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and emissions to water and air Using renewable resources as feedstock help conserve fossil fuels

5 Fermentable sugars Specialties Materials Base chemicals Fuel Feedstock Bioprocess (cells / enzymes) Products Biotechnology: The use of nature’s toolbox for industrial processes

 The industrial Biotechnology sector is broad.  3 main areas in Malaysia: Biofuels Biocatalyst Fine and Specialty Chemicals

 'First-generation' or conventional biofuels are biofuels made from sugar, starch, and vegetable oil.  Biofuel represent an alternative fuel source to non-renewable petroleum-based fuels.

Name and DescriptionSourceApplication Bioethanol Ethanol produces by breakdown of biomass Corn, sugarcane, molasses, wheat, barley Motor vehical transport Biodiesel Produced from vegetable oils from tranesterification process Soybean oil Palm Oil Blemd with petroleum diesel Biogas Principally Methane,generated by biodegradation of feedstock Landfill biomass Waste water Other biomass and feedstock Turbine based electricity gneration

 Bioethanol are not currently produced in Malaysia.  However initiatives are underway to develop ethanol and other biofuels from non food agricultural crop sources such as Jatropha curcas and oil palm based ( trunks, fronds, empty fruit bunch, shell and fiber)

 Biogas production using anaerobic digestion (oxygen free) is a biological treatment process to reduce odor, produce energy and improve the storage and handling characteristics of manure.  Anaerobic digestion is the natural breakdown of organic materials into methane and carbon dioxide gas and fertiliser. This process takes place naturally, or in an anaerobic digester.  A typical anaerobic digester is a sealed vessel, or series of vessels, in which bacteria act without oxygen. The organic material contents need to be fully mixed and warmed, usually to blood temperature.  Biogas is the name given to the mixture of gases formed during the anaerobic digestion of organic wastes.

 Biocatalyst are proteins that act to accelerate chemical reactions by bringing chemical compound s involved in a reaction.  Biocatalysts must be produced by living organisms and are typically derived from plant, animal, or microbial sources

 Malaysia’s biological diversity offers developers of novel biocatalyst a significant opportunity to isolate novel biocatalysts.  A variety of different biocatalyst have been isolated from Malaysian isolated microorganisms.

Type of BiocatalystMicroorganisms Lipase, lipoprotein lipaseHunicola lanuginosa, Aspergillus niger, Aspergilus flavus, Mucor miehei, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. ProteaseBacillus megaterium, Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus niger CellulaseAspergillus niger, Tricgoderma resei Lignin degrading enzymesPhanerochate chyososporium, Humicola grisea TannaseAspergillus niger, MannaseAspergillus niger PhytaseAspergillus niger ChitinaseFusarium sp.

 Enzyme is an organic catalyst formed by a living cell. Useful enzymes are mostly obtained from plant and animal cells, microorganisms are now-a-days becoming excellent sources for industrial production of certain enzymes. Many microorganisms are known to excrete enzymes into their growth media; the enzymes are used during fermentation processes of various industries such as pharmaceutical, food, textile, etc. High yields and quality of such enzyme is determined to a great extent by suitable strain selection and the cultural conditions. Since these enzymes are used in various industries, their large scale production is essential.

 Production Process 1. Fermentation 2. Formulation 3. Recovery

 Making microorganisms produce more enzymes. Novozymes is the world leader in developing new methods to optimize the amount of enzymes that microorganisms can produce. The result is cheaper products and faster delivery to our customers.

 Fermentation to produce industrial enzymes starts with a vial of dried or frozen microorganisms called a production strain. This production strain is selected to produce large amounts of the enzyme(s) of interest.

 Sterilization – A key faciltator in the production of enzymes  A key element of fermentation science is sterilization. In order to cultivate a particular production strain it is necessary to start by eliminating all the native microorganisms present in the raw materials and equipment. If this is not done satisfactorily, the wild organisms will quickly outnumber the production strain, and no production will occur. Sterilization can be achieved by heat and/or special filters.

 The cultivation process  The production strain is first cultivated in a small flask containing nutrients and agar. The flask is placed in an incubator that provides the optimal temperature for the previously frozen/dried cells to germinate. Once the flask is ready, the cells are transferred to a seed fermentor, which is a large tank containing previously sterilized raw materials and water known as the medium. Seed fermentation allows the cells to reproduce and adapt to the environment and nutrients that they will encounter later on. Following seed fermentation, the cells are transferred to a larger tank, the main fermentor, where temperature, pH, and dissolved O2 are carefully controlled to optimize enzyme production. Additional nutrients may be added to enhance productivity. When the main fermentation is complete, the mixture of cells, nutrients, and enzymes, referred to as the broth, is ready for filtration and purification.

 The purpose of the recovery process is to separate the enzyme from the biomass and to produce a solution that contains the enzyme at a purity that can be used for formulation of the final product.  ​

 The main factors that influence the design of an enzyme recovery process are:  1.The properties of the production organism 2. The characteristics of the enzyme 3. Product quality demands 4. The type of product to be produced 5. The environmental impact of the process

 Formulation of the enzymes is the third important process step after fermentation and recovery.  The nature of the enzyme protein is the starting point of all formulation work, and knowledge about parameters such as solubility and compatibility is indispensable.  A new enzyme molecule with excellent performance can fail in the market if the enzyme is not stable during transportation and storage.

 The industrial biotechnology sector is a key contributor to the production of vitamins, amino acids, and other biochemical such as lactic acid and glycerol

 Currently, the amino acids used in amino acid products are mainly manufactured by the fermentation method using natural materials, similar to yogurt, beer, vinegar, miso (bean paste), soy sauce, etc.

In 1989, kojic acid was first discovered as a natural by product from the Japanese mushroom. Since then it has been widely use as an effective skin lightening agent. Kojic acid works by blocking the production of skin melanin.

Fluidized bed Bioreactor In fluidized bed reactors, cells are "immobilized" in small particles which move with the fluid. The small particles create a large surface area for cells to stick to and enable a high rate of transfer of oxygen and nutrients to the cells. Air lift Bioreactor The draft tube is always an inner tube (this kind of air- lift bioreactor is called "air-lift bioreactor with an internal loop) or an external tube (this kind of air-lift bioreactor is called "air-lift bioreactor with an external loop) which improves circulation and oxygen transfer and equalizes shear forces in the reactor

Stirred tank BioreactorBubble Colum Bioreactor

 Briefly explain commercial production of citric acid from Aspergillus niger  Briefly explain commercial production of amylase by Bacillus subtilis.  Briefly explain commercial production of bioethanol from starch.  Briefly explain commercial production of biodiesel from palm oil

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