1. Industrial Production of Citric Acid Application of Citric Acid: (text,p.524) -Acidulant in food, confectionary, and beverage (75%) -Pharmaceutical (10%), e.g. soluble aspirin preparation - industrial (15%): complexes with metals such as iron and copper to be stabilizer of oil and fats.

2. Wikipedia Citric Acid Production by Aerobic Bioprocesses

3. -Microorganism: Aspergillus niger (mainly), Candida yeast (from carbohydrates or n-alkanes) -Citric acid production is mixed growth associated, mainly take place under nitrogen and phosphate limitation after growth has ceased. -Medium requirements for high production - Carbon source: molasses or sugar solution. - Na-ferrocyanide is added to reduce Iron (1.3 ppm) and manganese (<0.1ppm). - High dissolved oxygen concentration - High sugar concentration - pH<2 - 30 o C. Industrial Production of Citric Acid

4. Bioreactor: batch or fed-batch (100m 3 ) -5-25X10 6 A. niger spores/L may be introduced to the fermentor. -Aeration is provided to the fermenter by air sparging (0.1-0.4 vvm) -Temperature is controlled by cooling coil. -Agitation: 50-100rpm to avoid shear damage on molds. -Fed-batch is used to reduce substrate inhibition and prolong the production phase one or two days after growth cessation. -Volumetric yield: 130 kg/m 3 Industrial Production of Citric Acid

5. Separation: - The biomass is separated by filtration - The liquid is transferred to recovery process: - Separation of citric acid from the liquid: precipitation calcium hydroxide is added to obtain calcium citrate tetrahydrate → wash the precipitate→ dissolve it with dilute sulfuric acid, yield citric acid and calcium sulfate precipitate → bleach and crystallization → anhydrous or monohydrate citric acid. Industrial Production of Citric Acid

6. Industrial Production of Ethanol Application of Ethanol: -Medical -Fuel - Industrial

7. Ethanol Production by Anaerobic Bioprocesses Glycolysis

8. -Microorganism: S. cerevisae for hexose Candida sp. for lactose or pentose Genetically modified E. coli -Ethanol production is growth-associated with S. cerevisae. -Medium requirements for high production - Carbon source: sugar cane, starch materials (e.g. corn, wheat), cellulosic materials (?!). yield: 0.51 g ethanol/g glucose. - N, P, minerals. - Anaerobic - 100g/L glucose are inhibitory for yeast. - 5% (v/v) of ethanol are inhibitory for yeast. - pH:4-6 for 30-35 o C. Industrial Production of Citric Acid

9. Bioreactor: batch, continuous or with cell recycle 95% conversion of sugars with a residence time of 40 h in batch reactor 21 h in continuous reactor without cell recycle 1.6 h in continuous reactor with cell cycle By-products: glycerol, acetic acid, succinic acid. Industrial Production of Citric Acid Separation: - Distillation to obtaining 95% (w/w) of ethanol-water mixture, followed by - Molecular sieves to removing water from the mixture to get anhydrous ethanol.

10. Ethanol Production http://www.cleantechblog.com/uploaded_images/production_process-718492.jpg