1. Introduction to Biotechnology
ACh
Introduction to Biotechnology

2. Introduction to Biotechnology
What is Biotechnology
Q1. What is biotechnology?
Q2. Give two examples of successful use of biotechnology.

3. Definition of Biotechnology
Introduction to Biotechnology
Definition of Biotechnology
Definition of Biotechnology:
Q1. Define biotechnology.
Q2. What is the major difference between biotechnology and other single scientific discipline?
Q3. Which scientific fields contribute in biotechnology?

4. Examples of applications of biotechnology from ancient times
Introduction to Biotechnology
Examples of applications of biotechnology from ancient times
Q1. Mention three examples of biotechnology that have been used by humans for thousands of years.

5. Example of application of biotechnology in modern times
Introduction to Biotechnology
Example of application of biotechnology in modern times
In 2013, Bangladesh commercialized Bt eggplant, becoming the first developing country in the world to take a public sector genetically modified food crop to benefit smallholder farmers.
Bt eggplant (or brinjal) carries a gene that makes it resistant to the main crop pest, fruit and shoot borer. This serious pest otherwise destroys over half the crop and forces farmers to spray toxic insecticides.
Bt brinjal enables farmers to dramatically reduce their use of insecticides, by 80% or more, and thereby protect their health and the local environment.
Q1. What is Bt brinjal?
Q2. How Bt brinjal was established?
Q2. What is the major benefit of using it?

6. Biomass in Biotechnology

7. Biomass in Biotechnology
Biomass: Renewable organic materials, such as wood, agricultural crops or wastes, and municipal wastes, especially when used as a source of fuel or energy. 
Biomass can be burned directly or processed into biofuels such as ethanol and methane.
Q1. What is biomass?
Q2. Can biomass be burnt directly?

8. Biomass in Biotechnology
Products from biomass
Q1. Mention the classes of important products that can be derived from biomass.
Q2. Mention three examples of fuels derived from biomass.
Q3. Mention one example each for feedstocks, fertilizers, feeds that are derived from biomass.

9. Genetics & Biotechnology

10. Steps of Genetic Engineering
Genetics & Biotechnology
Steps of Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is the modern modification and subspecialty of the branch of science called biotechnology.
It deals with the specific and targeted modifications of the genetic material of bacteria, plants or animals to stimulate them biosynthesize the desired products.
Q1. What is genetic engineering? What is its usefulness?
Q2. Diagrammatically show the key steps of cloning a foreign DNA into a plasmid.

11. Fermentation Technology

12. Fermentation Biotechnology
Fermentation is an energy-yielding anaerobic metabolic process in which organisms convert nutrients (typically carbohydrates) to alcohols and acids (lactic acid and acetic acid).
Q1. What is fermentation? Give an example.

13. Fermentation products
Fermentation Biotechnology
Fermentation products
Q1. Mention the industrial sectors that produce fermentation products with one example.

14. Fermentation products
Fermentation Biotechnology
Fermentation products
Q1. Mention the industrial sectors that produce fermentation products with one example.

15. Fermentation products
Fermentation Biotechnology
Fermentation products
Q1. Mention the industrial sectors that produce fermentation products with one example.

16. Fermentation Biotechnology
Organic compounds
Q1. List in a table the advantages and disadvantages of producing organic compounds by biological rather than chemical means.

17. Enzyme Technology

18. Enzyme Technology The nature of enzymes Q1. What are enzymes?
Q2. Which ability of enzymes led to their widespread use in industrial and food processes?

19. The application of enzymes
Enzyme Technology
The application of enzymes

20. The application of enzymes
Enzyme Technology
The application of enzymes

21. The application of enzymes
Enzyme Technology
The application of enzymes
Q1. Give eight examples of industrial application of enzymes and mention their usages.

22. Biological Fuel Generation

23. Biological Fuel Generation
Biofuels
Q1. Why fuels obtained from crops are called renewable biofuels?
Q2. Does fossil fuel reserve have finite nature?
Q3. Can biomass be considered as a renewable energy source?

24. Biological Fuel Generation
Biofuels
Q1. What is biofuel? Give two examples.
Q2. Mention six biomass sources with the name of one biofuel that can be generated from them.

25. Biological Fuel Generation
Bioethanol
Q1. What is bioethanol?

26. Biological Fuel Generation
Bioethanol
No question in the exam from this slide.

27. Biological Fuel Generation
Biodiesel
Q1. What is biodiesel? How can it be made from the rapeseed oil?

28. Biological Fuel Generation
Biodiesel
Q1. Mention three advantages of biodiesel over fossil fuel-derived diesel.

29. Biological Fuel Generation
Future of Biofuels
Q1. Mention two factors that determine the entry of biofuels into the energy market.

30. Environmental Biotechnology

31. Use of environmental biotechnology to clean the environment
Q1. What is the fundamental difference between industrial and environmental biotechnology with respect to use of microorganisms?
Q2. Why is it important to enhance the degradative potential microorganisms to degrade recalcitrant pollutants?

32. Environmental Biotechnology
Biodegradation
Biodegradation can be defined as the decomposition of substances by microbial activities either by single organisms but most often by microbial community.
Q1. Schematically show how organic molecules can undergo biodegradation by natural microbes.

33. Reference Textbook: Smith Biotechnology
5th Edition
Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK